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Flashcards in Task 1 Deck (19)
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1
Q

Self-report questionnaires (Advantages)

A

 No one else has access to more information than we have about our-selves and this information is rich in motivational and other introspective details
 Participants might be more motivated to talk about themselves rather than about another person
 Can control most response biases
 Inexpensive and quick way to gather a lot of data

2
Q

Self-report questionnaires (disadvantages)

A

 Wording can influence the accuracy of the given answers
 Leaves room for biases (a systematic tendency to response to a range of questionnaires items on some basis other than the specific item content)
 Social desirability bias: Some people might try to place them in better light
• This can be reduced by giving a question e.g. sometimes I get angry. When the person answers never he might lie
 Acquiescent Responding: in which individuals agree with the responses without considering what the question is asking
• Can be reduced by balancing the scoring key of the questionnaire when construction the measurement
 Extreme responding: giving extreme ratings on scales
 People are predisposed toward self-enhancement (they try to maintain positivity about them-selves at the expense of being unrealistic)
 People might not know enough about them-selves to answer the question properly
 Making proper questionnaires takes a lot of time because a certain validity has to be guaranteed as well as cultural response differences have to be covered

3
Q

Informant reports (advantages)

A

 Peers who observed a person over a long time in everyday life can judge the personality quite good
 Is more objective than self-report data
 More based on currently observable reality
 Informants are likely to have observed the target in many situations so they have a broader picture
 Potential to be inexpensive (internet)
 Multiple raters can lead to higher reliability
 Principle of aggregation: Due to receiving several information from different people the reliability increases
• Also implies that more than one method should be used in order to obtain a more accurate result

4
Q

Informant report (disadvantage)

A

 Expensive to do
 Informants might be uncooperative and dishonest
 Personality is in the eye of the beholder
 Might be to positive about the target because they are friends or a family member
 Acquisition responding
 Extreme responding
 Fundamental attribution error: Explaining others behaviour with internal characteristics rather than situational factors
 Peers might not be able to predict how others would behave in more specific situations

5
Q

Behavioral measures (advantage)

A

 Artificial and natural setting are possible (can lack of external validity)
• You can trigger a certain behaviour an artificial setting
 Can get situation specific information

6
Q

Behavioural measures (Disadvantage)

A

 Ethical problems in observations, hard to develop coding schemes, time and money is needed to carry out proper observations
 Social desirability: because they are watched
• EIR: recorder which is activated without noticing the participant so he doesn’t feels watched
 The link between a behaviour and a specific personality characteristic might not be direct

7
Q

Life outcome data

A

obtain records of the persons life which seems likely to be relevant to an individuals personality (e.g. using cell phone bill as measurement for sociability)

8
Q

Life outcome data (advantages)

A

 Often report important outcomes in a person’s life
 Objective indicators of behaviour
 Demonstrates behaviour that occurs multiple times (higher validity)

9
Q

Life out come data (disadvantages)

A

 Not always accurate enough, could be elicited by a different trait, event
 Might be influenced by stereotypes (e.g. if the bedroom is from am men or women)

10
Q

Multiple Method Approach

A

o Helps to increase construct validity
o Gives the possibility for researcher to address new questions which would be not possible with only one methods
o Is not really fast data but the quality is much higher
o Principle of aggregation

11
Q

Self-knowledge

A

accurate self-perceptions about how one typically thinks, feels, and behaves, and awareness of how those patterns are interpreted by others
o Biases: overestimating abilities and present them-selves more favourable than they rate others
 Seem to be automatic and effortless
o Self-perceptions are moderately reacted to how a person will act in a laboratory setting
o Correlation between self-knowledge and personality ratings: Is between 0,4 and 0,6
o Measurements for accuracy:
 Comparing to behavioural methods
 Comparing to informant methods
 Comparing their self-perceived reputation to the real one

12
Q

Meta perception

A

You know how others see you (general)

13
Q

Interior residue

A

Things in you room that you only use in your room (e.g. pens on the table)

14
Q

Exterior residue

A

Thing that are in your room, but you generally use outside your room (e.g. Surfboard)

15
Q

Self-directed identity claim

A

a thing you have because you like it (e.g. a plant)

16
Q

Other directed identity claim

A

a thing you have to present others a certain trait of you

17
Q

Cue Utilisation

A

Using cues to infer certain personality traits of a person

18
Q

Zero acquaintance studies

A

When the observer doesn’t know the participant

19
Q

Long acquaintance studies

A

When the observer does know the participant for a long time (certain cues provide more information)