Task 1 Flashcards
(17 cards)
Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity Disorder
Neurodevelopmental Disorder Problems in: - controlling impulsivity - paying attention - organizing behavior to attain long-term goals
Types of ADHD
3 Subtypes
- Combined Presentation
- Predominantly inattentive presentation
- Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation
DSM-V Criteria
A. persistent inattention and/or hyperactivity, interfering with functioning or development
- Inattention: 6 symptoms for >6 months present
- hyperactivity: 6 symptoms for >6 months present
B. several symptoms of inattention/hyperactivity before age of 12
C. symptoms present in 2+ settings
D. symptoms interfere with/reduce quality of social, academic to occupational functioning
E. symptoms not due to other psychotic disorder
Combined Presentation
6 attention deficit and 6 hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms present for at least 6 months
Predominantly inattentive presentation
Only symptoms of attention-deficit, not hyperactivity-impulsivity the last 6 months
Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation
only symptoms of Hyperactivity-impulsivity, not attention-deficit the last 6 months
gender differences
boys more than 2x more likely than girls developing ADHD
- girls more inattentive, rather not disruptive
Prefrontal Cortex
control of cognition, motivation and behavior
–> smaller in ADHDs
Striatum
Working Memory and planning
–> abnormal
Cerebellum
motor behaviors
–> abnormal
Biological Hypotheses
- ADHD develop slow, so PFC underdeveloped –> immature and PFC smaller
- explains why symptoms become less - Dopamine and Norepinephrine function unnormal
- important for sustained attention , impulse inhibition, error processing - Genetic Factors:
- probably especially genes that influence dopamine and noradrenaline may be unnormal - children with ADHD often prenatal and birth complications
- low weight
- oxygen deprivation
- drinking and smoking during pregnancy
Executive Functioning and ADHD
- EF impaired –> self-regulation deficits
- significant impairment in response inhibition and WM
- Visuospatial WM considered most important neuropsychological deficit
Treatment
- stimulant drugs
- Drugs affecting norepinephrine levels
- Antidepressant medication
- Behavioral Therapies
Stimulant Drugs (Treatment)
- Ritalin, Dexedrine, Adderall
- 70%-80% respond with decreases in Demanding, disruptive and noncompliant behavior
- 70%-80% increase in positive mood, goal-directed behaviour and quality of interactions with others
- most often used
- often misprescribed
Side effects:
- reduced appetite
- insomnia
- edginess ans gastrointestinal upset
- can increase tics
- can decrease growth of children
Drugs affecting norepinephrine levels
- atomoxetine, clonidine, guanfacine
- help reducing tics
- increase in cognitive performance
side effects:
- dry mouth
- fatigue
- dizziness
- constipation
- sedation
Antidepressant Medication
mostly when patients have also depression
- some positive effects on cognitive performances
not effective for ADHD
Self-regulation deficits
core of ADHD
- related to executive functions like WM
