Task 7- Groups Flashcards
(30 cards)
Common-bond groups
based upon attachment among members
-> group goals= more salient
• group provides important source of identity
Common-identity groups
based on direct attachments to the group
-> personal goals= more salient than group goals
Social facilitation
improvement in performance that are well-learnt
and a deterioration in performance of poorly learnt tasks
in mere presence of audience
drive theory
physical presence of members of the same species instinctively causes arousal that motivates performance of habitual behaviour patterns
Evaluation apprehension model
physical presence of members of the same species causes drive
because people have learnt to be apprehensive about being evaluated
distraction-conflict theory
physical presence of people is distracting and produces conflict between attending to the task and attending to the audience
Ringelman behaviour
Individual effort on a task diminishes as group size increases
Social loafing
reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task
free rider effect
gaining benefits of group membership by avoiding costly obligations of membership
and by allowing other members to incur those costs
Cohesiveness
property of a group that affectively binds people, as group members, to one another and to the group as a whole
giving the group a sense of solidarity and oneness
Group socialisation (5 steps)
1) Forming
-> orientation & familiarisation stage
2) storming
-> conflict stage (member work together through
disagreements about goals)
3) norming
-> consensus,cohesion & sense of common
identity
4) performing
- > period in which group works as unit
5) adjourning
- > group dissolves
Correspondence bias
tendency to see behaviour as reflecting (corresponding to) stable underlying personality attributes
Expectation states theory
theory of the emergence (auftauchen) of roles as a consequence of people’s status-based expectations about others’ performance
->a medical doctor will be better able than others to promote the group’s goals
Task taxonomy
3 clasifications of group tasks
1) whether division of labour is possible
2) whether there are predetermined standard to be met
3) how an individual’s input can contribute
Uncertainty-identity theory
people identify with groups that are:
distinctive, clearly defined & have consensual norms
-> to reduce uncertainty & feel mor comfortable about who one is
Ostracism
Exclusion from a group by common consent
Causes & consequences
• social pain
• lack of feeling of meaningful existence
• one can feel ostracized through many things
Form of leadership
3
- > democratic
- > autocratic
- > laissez-faire
great person theory
perspective on leadership that attributes effective leadership to innate or acquired individual characteristics
Leader behaviour description questionnaire
LBDQ
scale to measure leadership behaviour and distinguish between “initiating structure” and “consideration” dimensions
Contingency theories
theories of leadership that consider the leadership effectiveness of particular behaviours or behavioural styles to be contingent on the nature of the leadership situation
Least-preferred co-worker scale
LPC
scale for measuring leadership style in terms of favour ability of attitude towards one’s least preferred co-worker
Normative decision theory
NDT
a contingency theory of leadership that focuses on the effectiveness of different leadership styles in group decision-making contexts
Leader-member exchange theory
LMX
theory of leadership in which effective leadership rests on the ability of the leader to develop good-quality personalised exchange relationships with individual members
Transformational leadership
approach to leadership that focuses on the way that leaders transform group goals and actions
- mainly through the exercise of charisma
