Task 9 summary

Question 1

What types of brain injury /deformities are there?

Answer 1

Tumours

seizure disorders

strokes

Brain trauma

Developmental disorders

Degenerative disorders

Infectious diseases

psychological disorders

Question 2

What is a tumor?

Answer 2

An uncontrolled mass of cells

Question 3

What are the two types of tumors?

Answer 3

Malignant and benign

Question 4

What is a malignant tumor?

Answer 4

Cancerous type there is no distinct border between the brain tissue and itself

Question 5

What is the metastasis?

Answer 5

When in a malignant tumor the cells break off and grow elsewhere

Question 6

What is a benign tumor?

Answer 6

Harmless type it has a distinct border can easily be removed

Question 7

How can the brain be damaged by ta tumor?

Answer 7

Through compression/incapsulation or infiltration

Question 8

how does compression/incapsulation tumors work?

Answer 8

Compressing tumors push against the surrounding tissue

Question 9

How do infiltration tumors work?

Answer 9

They invade the surrounding region and destroys cells in its path

Question 10

Different types of tumors?

Answer 10

Gliomas

Meningioma

Pituitary adenoma

Neurinoma

Metastatic carcinoma

Angioma

Pinealoma

Question 11

In what other types does the group of gliomas split in?

Answer 11

Glioblastoma multiforme

Astrocytoma

Ependymoma

Medulloblastoma

Oligodendrocytoma

Question 12

What are seizure disorders?

Answer 12

Sudden excessive activity of cerebral neurons

Question 13

What happens if motor neurons are involved in a seizure?

Answer 13

A convulsion takes place

Question 14

What is a convulsion?

Answer 14

A wild uncontrollable muscle activity

Question 15

What two types of seizures are there?

Answer 15

Partial and generalised

Question 16

What is a partial seizure?

Answer 16

It has a definite source (focus) most often scarred brain regions restricted to small parts of the brain

Question 17

What are the two types of partial seizures there are?

Answer 17

Simple partial seizure and complex partial seizure

Question 18

Where dos simple partial seizure causes changes?

Answer 18

in consciousness

Question 19

What does complex partial seizures do?

Answer 19

Causes loss of consciousness

Question 20

What is a generalized fissure?

Answer 20

They grow from a focus and then spred through the whole brain

Question 21

Different types of generalized seizure?

Answer 21

Grand mal

petit mal

epilepsy

Question 22

What are the two phases and outcome of a grand mal?

Answer 22

Tonic phase:Forceful muscle contraction, rigid pose

Clonic phase: Muscles tremble quickly then slowly (face muscles as well)

Person falls asleep out of exhaustion or looses consciousness

Question 23

How does a petit mal work?

Answer 23

Theyre spells of absence generalized seizure

Person stares into the distance blinking rapidly unresponsive

prevalent inchildren

Question 24

What happens during epilepsy?

Answer 24

Corpus cllosum becomes uncontrollably overactive

Question 25

What is the brain split operation?

Answer 25

spliting corpus cllosum in two severing the relationship between both hemispheres

Question 26

What is a stroke?

Answer 26

A cerebrovascular accident

Question 27

What types of strokes are there?

Answer 27

Hemorrhagic stroke | and ischemic stroke

Question 28

What is an hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 28

Bleeding within the brain blood seeps out and presses against tissue

Question 29

What is an Ischemic stroke?

Answer 29

An obstruction of blood flow by thombi or emboli

Question 30

What is a thombus?

Answer 30

The blood clot on site of its formation

Question 31

What is an embolus?

Answer 31

Organic material that travels through the bloodstream until it reaches an artery it cant pass through

Question 32

what can an embolus do?

Answer 32

it can introduce bacterial infection to the brain

Question 33

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 33

Fats calcium cholesterol and waste of the lining of arteries precursor to heart attacks and ischemic strokes

Question 34

What is a brain trauma?

Answer 34

A traumatic brain injury

Question 35

How can a brain trauma be caused?

Answer 35

By skull fractures that wound the brain

Question 36

What are the two types of head injuries are there?

Answer 36

Closed head injuries Open head injuries

Question 37

How does a closed head injury works?

Answer 37

Thats when theres no penetration of head

Question 38

What are open head injury?

Answer 38

Phineas gage

Question 39

What can a brain trauma cause?

Answer 39

internal bleeding: Contussion and concussion

Question 40

What is a contusion?

Answer 40

Rupture of the blood capillaries

Question 41

What is a concussion?

Answer 41

A violent brain shock

Question 42

Different types of developmental disorders?

Answer 42

Foetal alcohol syndrome phenylketonuria down syndrome

Question 43

What is the foetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 43

Abnormal facial development and deficient brain development

Question 44

What is phenyleketonuria?

Answer 44

Inherited lack of phenylalanine converting enzyme

Question 45

What happpens with phenylketonuria?

Answer 45

too much phenylalanine interferes with myelinisation of axons it results in severe mental retardation

Question 46

What is a down synndrome?

Answer 46

3 chromosomes on 21st place and an extra chromosome causes biochemical changes that impair normal brain development it results in mental retardation

Question 47

Different degenerative disorders?

Answer 47

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy Parkinsons disease Huntingtons disease Alzheimers disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Multiple sclerosis Korsakoff´s syndrome

Question 48

Symptoms of parkinson?

Answer 48

Resting tremor rigidity and speech disturbances slowing down and loss of spontaneous movement(akinesia) degeneration of nigrostriatal system damage to basal ganglia

Question 49

important substances to understand parkinsons disease?

Answer 49

Lewy bodies α-synuclein Parkin

Question 50

What are lewy bodies?

Answer 50

abnormal circular structures with dense protein core in nigrostriatal neurons

Question 51

what is  α-synuclein

Answer 51

produced by chromosome 4 toxic to the cell

Question 52

how is parkin related to parkinson?

Answer 52

a mutation of chromosome 6 that causes it to stop producing parkin parkin together with ubiquitin plays a role in transporting defective proteins to poteasomes

Question 53

Is there any treatment for parkinson?

Answer 53

Deep brain stimulation but theres no complete cure

Question 54

What is alzheimers disease?

Answer 54

It is a form of dementia (deterioration of intellectual abilities) progressive loss of memories and other mental functions

Question 55

How can you recognize alzheimer? 20

Answer 55

Degeneration of hippocampus neocortex basal nuclei locus coreuleus and ravi nuclei Theres amyloid plaques There are tangles( dying neuron with tau protein filaments) Neuronal loss because the demyekination of neurons causes glial cells to destroy them

Question 56

Pinnel P tumor in right cranial nerve

Answer 56

g