taste/sensation

Question 1

non-painful touch to the oral mucosa conveyed by:

Answer 1

Ab (and Ad) fibers

Question 2

warming to the oral mucosa by:

Answer 2

C fibers

Question 3

cooling to the oral mucosa by:

Answer 3

A delta fibers

Question 4

pain to the oral mucosa conveyed by:

Answer 4

A delta and C fibers

Question 5

3 cranial nerves that convey taste

Answer 5

CN VII, IX, and X

Question 6

____ conveys general sensation to the anterior mouth

Answer 6

CN V

Question 7

____ conveys general sensation to the posterior tongue and pharynx

Answer 7

XN IX

Question 8

during eating, volatile molecules from food stimulate the olfactory epithelium through 2 routes:

Answer 8

orthonasal and retronasal

Question 9

____ signals are particularly important in contributing to food flavor

Answer 9

retronasal

Question 10

taste and olfactory signals enter brain over separate cranial nerves and interact extensively in the CNS, especially in the _____

Answer 10

primary gustatory cortex (insula)

Question 11

5 classes of taste receptors/stimuli

Answer 11

sugars (sweet)
amino acids (umami)
salty
acids (sour)
varied (alkaloid, purine base, glycosides): bitter

Question 12

sensation of ____ is not dependent on taste system, but usually part of the pain system, dependent on ___ receptors

Answer 12

spiciness; TRP

Question 13

location of taste buds

Answer 13

68% on tongue
27% on pharynx and larynx
5% on soft palate

Question 14

papillae on the dorsal, anterior tongue; assoc with branchial arch 1

Answer 14

fungiform papillae

Question 15

fungiform papillae are innervated by ____, assoc with BA2

Answer 15

chorda tympani branch of CN VII

Question 16

fungiform papillae are located among the more numerous ____ papillae, which don’t contain taste buds

Answer 16

filiform

Question 17

taste buds are located on the ____ surface of the fungiform papillae

Answer 17

dorsal

Question 18

filiform papillae are ____ shaped and heavily ____; innervated only by _____ fibers

Answer 18

spine; keratinized; somatosensory

Question 19

fungiform papillae are strategically located to monitor:

Answer 19

food entering the mouth

Question 20

foliate papillae are innervated by _____, associated with BA3

Answer 20

CN IX

Question 21

foliate papillae are strategically located to monitor:

Answer 21

food during chewing

Question 22

foliate taste buds are located in _____ and are closely associated with ____

Answer 22

trenches (not on surface); salivary glands (von Ebner)

Question 23

circumvallate papillae have a central ____ core surrounded by a ____

Answer 23

connective tissue; trench

Question 24

circumvallate papillae are strategically located to monitor:

Answer 24

food just before swallowing

Question 25

circumvallate taste buds are located in ____ and are innervated by ____

Answer 25

trench (not dorsal surface); CN IX

Question 26

taste buds are generally functionally ____ in their ability to sense different tastes; an exception is the taste buds on the ____ which mainly respond to deviations from _____, indicating that they signal to protect the airway

Answer 26

redundant; larynx; isotonicity

Question 27

the functional redundancy of the taste system makes it ____ in the face of partial taste loss

Answer 27

resilient

Question 28

chorda tympani anesthesia (unilateral or bilateral) produces minimal effects on _____ perception

Answer 28

"whole-mouth"

Question 29

perceptual effects of damage or anesthesia of a single taste nerve can be clearly detected with ____ testing

Answer 29

specific spatial

Question 30

bitter receptors are ____ receptors called ____

Answer 30

G protein coupled; tas2r

Question 31

there are marked individual differences in the ability to taste ____ phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)

Answer 31

bitter

Question 32

substitutions of ____ amino acids largely responsible for sensitivity differences in PTC (bitter)

Answer 32

2/333 | AAs 49 and 262

Question 33

certain vegetables (like mustard greens, turnips, and broccoli) taste significantly ____ to people who are ____ for the PTC-sensitive form of tas2r38

Answer 33

more bitter; homozygous

Question 34

the vegetables showing the difference all contain a class of compounds called _____, which have a ____ moity

Answer 34

glucosinolates; thiourea

Question 35

____ may affect the intake of cruciferous vegetables

Answer 35

tas2r38 genotype

Question 36

differences in the ____ determine the number of copies of the sweet receptor that are transcribed; explains about 16% of the individual variation in how _____ sweet substances taste

Answer 36

promotor region; intense

Question 37

type I or dark taste bud cells stain for ____ markers, suggesting a ____ role; this is consistent with a lack of ____ and ____

Answer 37

glial; supportive; microvilli; synapses

Question 38

taste responsiveness is ____ in type I cells; they may respond to certain tastes like ____

Answer 38

unclear; salts

Question 39

light cells have microvilli that reach the ____ and they express receptors for _____ and respond to taste stimuli

Answer 39

taste pore; taste substances

Question 40

respond to sour stimuli and synapse with primary afferent nerve

Answer 40

type III light cells

Question 41

type II light cells respond to _____ stimuli and do not synapse with primary afferent nerve

Answer 41

bitter, sweet, amino acid

Question 42

type II (and type III) cells use ____ to communicate with the primary afferent taste nerves

Answer 42

ATP

Question 43

ATP is released from type II cells without the aid of a typical synapse using a special _____ called ____

Answer 43

voltage-gated ion channel; CALHM1

Question 44

taste buds are ____ _____ cells and are continually replaced

Answer 44

modified epithelial

Question 45

____ is released from taste bud precursor cells and acts on surrounding cells to maintain taste buds

Answer 45

sonic hedgehog (Shh)

Question 46

antagonist for sonic hedgehog signaling (oral drug for basal cell carcinoma)

Answer 46

vismodegib

Question 47

____ and ____ are altered after hedgehog pathway inhibitor treatment

Answer 47

fungiform papillae; taste buds

Question 48

the taste bud first develops as a specialization of epithelium called a _____

Answer 48

placode

Question 49

development of the taste bud requires ____ signaling and final differentiation of the taste bud requires _____

Answer 49

cell-to-cell; neural innervation

Question 50

mucosa on the body of the tongue derived from ____

Answer 50

branchial arch 1

Question 51

mucosa on the root of the tongue derived from _____

Answer 51

branchial arch 3

Question 52

taste buds are goblet-shaped clusters of ____ cells; some cells have ____- location of taste receptors

Answer 52

40-60 ; microvilli

Question 53

the number of ____ varies greatly between individuals

Answer 53

taste papillae

Question 54

there are likely to be ____ of having fewer taste papillae, but this has not been adequately studied

Answer 54

functional consequences

Question 55

other types of individual variability in the biology of the taste system are more easily related to differences in _____

Answer 55

taste perception (the ability to taste specific classes of molecules or qualities)

Question 56

PTC is a ____ compound, but certain plant compounds (in vegetables) appear to be ____ for the tas2r38 receptor (bitter receptor of PTC)

Answer 56

synthetic; natural ligands

Question 57

variations in some certain tas2r receptors give rise to individual differences in sensitivity to the "off" (bitter) tastes of specific _____

Answer 57

artificial sweeteners (like saccharin and acesulfam K)

Question 58

differences in how people taste sugar affect the _____

Answer 58

most preferred sugar concentration

Question 59

the sense of taste affects ___ and ____ we eat and thus has great potential to affect both ___ and ____

Answer 59

what; how much; general ; oral health

Question 60

immunohistochemical staining reveals that type I taste bud cells express several _____

Answer 60

specific proteins

Question 61

new taste bud cells differentiate from ____ (and perhaps ____) just outside the taste bud; give rise to a post-mitotic taste bud precursor cell that expresses _____

Answer 61

mitotic basal cells; perigemmal cells; sonic hedgehog (Shh)

Question 62

_____ are hypothesized to give rise to all 3 types of cells in the taste bud: I, II, and III

Answer 62

Shh taste bud precursors