Taxonomy and evolution

Question 1

Taxonomy Definition

Answer 1

• Classifying living things

Question 2

Domains of life - def and what they are

Answer 2

• Broadest category of classification
• Based on cellular composition
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya

Question 3

Kingdoms

Answer 3

Second highest rank
I. Kingdom Monera - Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
II. Protista
III. Fungi
IV. Plantae
V. Animalia

Question 4

Kingdom Archaea

Answer 4

• Single cell
• no nucleus - or any membrane bound organelle
• Archaea and bacteria are similar in shape and size however more closely related to Eubacteria
• Live in extreme conditions like salt lakes, hot springs, soil…etc…

Question 5

Kingdom Bacteria

Answer 5

• Large domain of prokaryotic cells -
• wide range of shapes - rods, spheres, spirals
• present in most habitats on earth
• 5x10^30 bacteria

Question 6

Kingdom Protista

Answer 6

• Eukaryotic microorganisms
• Uni or multi cellular
• Not much in common
• hetero and auto trophs
• live in water - algae

Question 7

Kingdom Fungi

Answer 7

• Eukaryotic microorganisms
• yeast, mold, mushrooms
• Secrete degestive enzymes of food to eat
• decomposers

Question 8

Kingdom Plantae

Answer 8

• Autotrophs
• 300-315 000 species

Question 9

Kingdom Animalia

Answer 9

• Multicellular, eukaryotic
• Motile
• Heterotrophs

Question 10

Taxonomy levels of classification memory thing

Answer 10

Dorky Kids Play Classic Older Films Genius Sorta
1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Species

Question 11

Adaptation

Answer 11

• Structural, behavioural, or physiological
• increases organisms biological fitness - ability to reproduce + survive
• built on preexisting traits

Question 12

Types of adaptations

Answer 12

• Physical - features to help organisms survive in environment
• Physiological - Internal body process to maintain balance - unconscious
• Behavioral - Something an animal does - conscious

Question 13

How do adaptations develop?

Answer 13

• Gradual change in characteristics in pop
• Variations - can be from mutations
• Variations passed down
• Only advantageous vatations are adaptations

Question 14

How do Variations develop?

Answer 14

1. Mutations - shift in DNA code
2. Sexual reproduction - inherited traits

Question 15

Natural selection

Answer 15

Adaptation leads to natural selection where characteristics of a population of organisms change because individuals with favourable traits survive and reproduce passing those traits on to their offspring.

Question 16

Evolution theory

Answer 16

• Charles Darwin: Two things
  1. Present forms of life have arrived from descent and modification from ancestral species
  2. The modification comes from natural selection working for a long time

Question 17

4 main components in evolution

Answer 17

For evolution to exist these four things have to be present:
1. Overproduction of offspring - babies are greater than adults
2. Variations - mutations + reproducing = natural selection
3. Struggle for existence - organisms compete for limited resources - some win
4. Reproduction of adaptations - individual with adaptation must live long enough to survive

Question 18

Evidence for evolution

Answer 18

• Fossil record
• Geographic distribution
• Comparative anatomy
• Comparative embryology
• Biochemistry
• Genetics

Question 19

Fossils

Answer 19

• Direct evidence
• Paleontology
• Fossils near the top resemble modern day animals
• Can see ancestral progression from this
• Transition fossils show links
• Sometimes there are gaps

Question 20

Biogeography

Answer 20

• Indirect evidence
• Study of past and present distribution of animals
• Geographically close locations have more similar species
• animals on islands resemble similar from neighboring continents

Question 21

Anatomy

Answer 21

• Indirect evidence
• Homologues and analogous structures
• homo=similar origin but different function, divergent - similar lineages which diverge in function
• ana=similar in function and appearance but different in origin, convergent - different lineages which converge in function

Question 22

Embryology

Answer 22

Indirect evidence
- study organisms in early stages of development

Question 23

Molecular genetics

Answer 23

• Studies similarities in components in living things
• ex: proteins made of amino acids
• species with different orders = higher DNA difference
• species with same genus = similar DNA
• suggest all life is from one common ancestor

Question 24

Species

Answer 24

• Organisms that can interbreed and produce a group of reproductively viable offspring

Question 25

Speciation pathways

Answer 25

1. Transformation - old species is gradually replaced by adaptation as a result of changing environment 2. Divergence - species arise from other species that continues to exist

Question 26

Mechanisms for divergence Allopatric Speciation

Answer 26

Common 1. Barrier (physical or geographical) separates species into groups 2. Natural selection works independently 3. The accumulated genetic difference prevent interbreeding - making it diff species

Question 27

Mechanisms for divergence Sympatric speciation

Answer 27

Less common - Reproductive isolation can occur in animals - Some flies chose Hawthorn trees, some flies chose apple trees - two different species

Question 28

Adaptive radiation

Answer 28

- Diversification of common ancestral species into all different species