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Taxonomy Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Porifera

A
  • Sponges
  • Pore-forming animals at cellular level of organization
  • 3 body forms: asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid
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2
Q

Phylum Cnidaria contains which classes?

A
  • Class Hydrozoa (hydroids)
  • Class Anthozoa (anemones)
  • Class Scyphazoa (jellies)
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3
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria

A
  • Radial Symmetry
  • Tissue level of organization
  • Diploblastic (ectoderm and endoderm)
  • Gastrovascular cavity: signle opening which serves as both the mouth and anus)
  • Unique organelle: cnidocytes which contain nematocytes (stinging cells)
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4
Q

Characteristics of Class Hydrozoa (hydroids)

A
  • Polyp and medusa stage
  • Hydra only exists in polyp stage
  • ex. Gonionemus
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5
Q

Characteristics of Class Anthozoa (anemones)

A
  • Sea anemones and corals
  • Exist in polyp stage only, no medusa stage
  • Symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates call zooxanthellae, live inside coral
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6
Q

Characteristics of Class Scyphazoa (jellies)

A
  • True jelly (absence of velum)
  • Entirely marine
  • Primarily medusa stage, polyp stage reduced or absent
  • Aurelia
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7
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes contains which classes?

A
  • Class Turbellaria
  • Class Trematoda
  • Class Cestoda
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8
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes

A
  • Flatworms
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblastic (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
  • ectoderm = outer epithelium
  • endoderm = lining of gut tract
  • mesoderm = tissue between ectoderm and endoderm like muscles, excretory structures, undifferentiated cells
  • Acoelomate: no body cavity (fluid-filled space)
  • Cephalization: formation of a distinct head
  • Organ level of organization
  • Parasitic or free-living
  • Excretory system with flame cells
  • Nervous system
  • Incomplete digestive tract (single opening for ingestion of food and elimination of waste)
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9
Q

Characteristics of Class Turbellaria

A
  • Free-living
  • Anteriorly located sense organs and well-developed muscular system (making them a plesiomorphic group because retains features of this phylum while the other classes of this phylum do not)
  • Dugesia aka planarian flatworm
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10
Q

Characteristics of Class Trematoda

A
  • Endoparasite
  • Digenetic: life cycle requires 2 or more hosts
    • intermediate host - snails
    • final/primary host - vertebrate
  • Asexual reproduction occurs in intermediate host
  • Sexual reproduction occurs in final host
  • Clonorchis aka liver fluke
  • Fasciola aka sheep liver fluke
  • Schistosoma aka human blood fluke
    • lives in blood vessels by gut (nutrient source)
    • burrows into skin
    • female resides in gynecophoric canal of male
    • sexually dimorphic: males and females look different
      • males are considerably larger than females
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11
Q

Characteristics of Class Cestoda

A
  • Aka tapeworm
  • Endoparasite
  • Absorb nutrients with suckers (no mouth) directly through body walls of host’s gut
  • Proglottids: series of body segments
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12
Q

Phylum Mollusca contains which classes?

A
  • Class Polyplacophora
  • Class Gastropoda
  • Class Bivalvia
  • Class Cephalopoda
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13
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Mollusca

A
  • triploblastic
  • bilateral symmetry
  • well-defined circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and digestive systems
  • 3 main body areas:
    • head-food: sensory and locomotion
    • visceral mass: circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and digestive systems
    • mantle: secretes shell
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14
Q

Characteristics of Class Polyplacophora

A
  • aka chiton
  • entirely marine
  • oval bodies with 8 dorsal plates
  • use foot for locomotion
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15
Q

Characteristics of Class Gastropoda

A
  • aka snails and slugs
  • primarily marine, some freshwater and terrestrial
  • use muscular foot for locomotion
  • intermediate host for Trematoda
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16
Q

Characteristics of Class Bivalvia

A
  • includes clams, oysters, mussels
  • shell with two halves
  • umbo points anteriorly
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17
Q

Characteristics of Class Cephalopoda

A
  • includes octopuses and squids
  • highly evolved visual system
  • all marine
  • use jet propulsion for locomotion
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18
Q

Phylum Annelida contains which classes

A
  • Class Polychaeta
  • Class Oligochaeta
  • Class Hirundinea
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19
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Annelida

A
  • aka segmented worms
  • triploblastic
  • bilateral symmetry
  • eucoelomate: fluid-filled body cavity
  • complete digestive tract
  • nervous system with some degree of cephalization with a “brain”
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20
Q

Characteristics of Class Polychaeta

A
  • mostly marine, seldom freshwater
  • segmented with pair of parapodia (use for locomotion and gas exchange)
    • each parapodium has setae (bristles that help navigate through soil)
  • found in soft soils
  • Nerius
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21
Q

Characteristics of Class Oligochaeta

A
  • aka earthworms
  • no parapodia and fewer setae
  • mostly terrestrial, some freshwater
  • clitellum: swollen area in anterior third of specimen that secretes mucus to hold 2 specimens together during sperm exchange and cocoon formation around fertilized eggs
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22
Q

Characteristics of Class Hirundinea

A
  • aka freshwater leeches
  • ectoparasite
  • terrestrial and aquatic
  • yes clitellum, no setae or parapodia
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23
Q

Phylum Nematoda contains which species

A
  • Ascaris (roundworm)
    • Trichinella*
  • Hookworm
  • Enterobius
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24
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Nematoda

A
  • triploblastic
  • pseudocoelom: body cavity lined by mesoderm externally and endoderm internally
  • ecdysis: ability to shed exoskeleton as the organism grows
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25
Characteristics of Ascaris (roundworm)
* sexually dimorphic * males usually smaller, have hook-shaped posterior end * intestinal parasite of vertebrates * acquired via fecal-oral contamination
26
Characteristics of Trichinella
* intestinal parasite * juveniles are encysted in host’s skeletal muscle * acquired via undercooked meats
27
Characteristics of Hookworm
* route of infestation: juvenile hookworm comes in contact with skin, burrows into host, travels via bloodstream to lung, moves up respiratory tract, then swallowed * intestinal parasite
28
Characteristics of Enterobius
* live in large intestines of humans * infestation: Nasty asshole one… Can’t forget it! Disgusting.
29
Phylum Arthropoda contains which Subphylums and which Classes?
- Subphylum Trilobita - Subphylum Chelicerata * Class Merostomata * Class Arachnida - Subphylum Uniramia * Class Chilopda * Class Diploda * Class Insecta
30
Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda
* metamerism: segmented body * head, thorax, abdomen * sometimes cephalothorax
31
Characteristics of Subphylum Trilobita
* extinct * do not confuse with chiton * head, thorax, abdomen * all marine
32
Characteristics of Subphylum Chelicerata
* chelicerae: first pair of appendages for manipulating food * pedipalps: second pair of appendages for capturing prey * 4 pairs of walking legs * cephalothorax and abdomen​ - Contains Class Merostomata and Class Arachnida
33
Characteristics of Class Merostomata
* aka horseshoe crab * simple eye: light and texture * compound eye: vision
34
Characteristics of Class Arachnida
* includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites * pedipalps - modified in males for transferring sperm * spinnerets
35
Subphylum Chelicerata contains which Classes?
- Class Merostomata - Class Arachnida
36
Subphylum Uniramia contains which Classes?
- Class Chilopoda - Class Diplopoda - Class Insecta
37
Characteristics of Class Chilopoda
* aka centipedes * 1 pair of legs/body segment * fangs to deliver poison * predators * found in moist places
38
Characteristics of Class Diplopoda
* aka millipedes * 2 pairs of legs/body segment * herbivores or scavengers * found in moist places
39
Characteristics of Class Insecta
* 3 pairs of walking legs on thorax, 1 pair antennae, 3 body segments, 1 or 2 pairs of wings * halteres: counterbalance for wings * beetles only - elytra: covering of membranous wing when not in use * 4 mouthparts: * chewing (ex. honeybee) * sponging/lapping (ex. fly) * siphoning (ex. butterfly) * sucking (ex. mosquito)
40
Characteristics of Phylum Onychophora (velvet worms)
* have characteristics of annelids and arthropods * “missing link” between the two phyla * looks like modern day onychophorans
41
5 major characteristics of Phylum Chordata
* 5 major characteristics: * notocord: rigid structure on posterior side * made of cartilage or bone * in us, intervertebral discs * dorsal hollow nerve cord: spinal cord * pharyngeal gill slit/pouch: used for filter feeding * in us, Eustachian tube is remnant pouch * post-anal tail: locomotion, counterbalance * endostyle: produces mucus for digestion * in us, thyroid gland
42
Characteristics of Subphylum Cephalochordata
* aka lancelet * ex. Amphioxus * found burrowed into sand and mud * filter-feeder
43
Characteristics of Subphylum Urochordata
* tunicates aka sea squirts * larval stage - notochord and dorsal hollow nerve cord present; free-swimming * adult stage - no notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, or post-anal tail; yes pharyngeal gill slits
44
Subphylum Vertebrata contains which species?
- Agnathans - Fish - Sharks - Tetrapods
45
Characteristics of Superclass Agnatha - Jawless
* jawless vertebrates * paired fins * notochord present
46
Superclass Agnatha (jawless) contains which Classes?
- Class Petromyzontida (Lampreys) - Class Myxini (Hagfishes)
47
Characteristics of Class Petromyzontida (Lampreys)
* eel-like, naked body * cartilaginous skeleton * possess medial nostril, medial fins, notochord persistent * scavengers or ectoparasites
48
Characteristics of Class Myxini (Hagfishes)
* eel-like, naked body * cartilaginous skeleton * tongue transformed into rasping organ * 5-15 gills in pouches * marine * slime glands: produces thick, mucus-like secretion to ward off predators and to clear away nasty stuff from dead things they want to eat * scavengers
49
Superclass Gnathostomata (jaws) contains which Class?
- Class Chondrichthyes
50
Characteristics of Class Chondrichthyes
* jawed fishes * jaws evolved from gill bars * cartilaginous skeletons * no swim bladder * ampullae of Lorenzini: special sensing organ, electroreceptors within jelly-filled canal * oviparous (egg laying), viviparous (birth live young, not eggs), ovoviviparous (birth live young from egg that hatched within body) * heterocercal: taller top lobe of tail vs bottom
51
Characteristics of Subclass Elasmobranchii (Sharks and Rays)
* placoid scales * heterocercal tail * 5-7 gill arches * lateral line system: detects movement and vibrations in surrounding * pelvic fins (males only) * intestine has spiral valve (slows digestion) * sharks maintain buoyancy with highly oily liver * rays have spiracles near gill chamber to keep gills oxygenated * claspers - male only
52
Characteristics of Subclass Holocephali (Chimaeras and Ratfishes)
* plate-like teeth * 4 pelvic claspers (males only)
53
Characteristics of Class Actinistia (Coelacanth)
* aka lobe-finned fish * cosmoid scales * live in deep ocean * once thought to be extinct but some found in S Africa and Indonesia * coelacanths (swim bladder filled with fat for buoyancy)
54
Characteristics of Class Dipnoi\* (Lungfishes)
* bone ossified from cartilage * lungs or swim bladder - gas exchange and buoyancy * operculum: bony covering over gills, creates negative pressure to bring fresh water over gills * advanced fin placement (teleost) - more maneuverable
55
Characteristics of Class Actinopterygii (Ray-finned Fishes)
* usually ganoid, cycloid, or ctenoid scales * not cosmoid * or sometimes lacking scales * no spiral valve in intestines * lateral line * homocercal tail: upper and lower tails are same size * rete mirabile (marvelous capillary net): keeps brain cool, countercurrent heat exchange system * Posses Jaws with Teeth * Bony skeleton → Endochondral bone origin * pated fins and median fins * 4 paired gill arches covered by operculum * Intestine - simple, no spiral valve * Swim bladder (gas gland and Oval body) * Rete mirabile (marvelous capillary net)
56
Characteristics of Class Amphibia
* since moving from water to land, need strong structural support * some have lateral line * cutaneous gas exchange across skin * double circulation pattern * circulate to gills and rest of body * 3 chambered heart
57
Characteristics of Subclass Lissamphibia
* varied body forms * 3 chambered heart, double circ * respiration - gills (some lack), lungs, or combo * cutaneous respiration * heterothermic (poikilothermic): varied body temperature, depends on environment * returns to water to breed * metamorphosis * skin smooth & moist with glands (some toxic) * internal & external fertilization * Oviparous, viviparous * hibernation
58
Class Lissamphibia contains which Orders?
- Order Urodela (tails) (=Caudata) - Order ANura (no tailes) - Order Apoda (no limbs) (=Gymnophiona = Caecilia)
59
Species of Order Urodela (tails) (=Caudata)
- Salamanders
60
Characteristics of Order Anura (no tails)
* includes frogs and toads * tail absent, head and trunk continuous, no definite nec
61
Characteristics of Order Apoda (no limbs) (=Gymnophiona =Caecilia)
* aka caecilians * worm-like amphibian with burrowing habits * live in S America and tropics * vestigial eyes
62
Characteristics of Reptiles
* 1 sacral vertebra * soft shell eggs
63
Characteristics of Class Testudinata (Chelonia)
* aka turtles * carapace: upper shell * plastron: lower shell * thoracic vertebrae and ribs fused to shell * all oviparous * anapsid skull
64
Characteristics of Class Crocodilia (21 species)
* aka crocodiles * all oviparous * temperature of nest determines sexes * skull is highly fused * 4 chambered heart * crocs have pointed snouts vs alligators have rounded snouts * teeth always visible, even with closed jaw
65
Characteristics of Class Lepidosaura (tuatara/lizard/snakes)
- Skull - Order Rhynchocoephalia - Order Squamata
66
Characteristics of Order Rhynchocoephalia
* aka tuatara * found on in New Zealand * true diapsid skull * parietal eye with lens material
67
Characteristics of Order Squamata
* aka lizards and snakes * most have 4 legs, some are legless * diapsid skull * lizards only - eyelids * mostly oviparous, some ovoviviparous or viviparous
68
Characteristics of Class Aves
* aka birds * pygostyle: where feathers attach * homeothermic * “hollow” bone so they can fly * unique characteristics - feathers and wings * hard shell eggs * marine birds have salt glands
69
Characteristics of Class Mammalia
* unique characteristics - mammary glands and hair * homeothermic: constant body temperature * endothermic: produce own body heat * secondary palate * 4 chambered heart * integumentary system: * sweat (eccrine) * scent (apocrine) * oil (sebaceous) * internal fertilization
70
Characteristics of Subclass Prototheria (Echidna, duck-billed platypuses)
* egg laying mammals, oviparous * mammary glands without nipples
71
Characteristics of Subclass Theria
* viviparous * mammary glands with teats * cloaca usually absent
72
Subclass Theria contains which Infraclasses
- Infraclass Meatheria (Marsupials) - Infraclass Eutheria (Placentals)
73
Characteristics of Infraclass Meatheria (Marsupials)
- Marsupial pouch present
74
Characteristics of Infraclass Eutheria (Placentals)
* young retained in uterus for considerable amount of time * nourished by allantoic placenta * no pouch * no cloaca

Biology (3 decks)

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