Tectonics

Question 1

Tectonic hazards (2)

Answer 1

Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions

Question 2

Mid-oceanic ridge

Answer 2

Mid-Atlantic ridge, middle of the Atlantic ocean, O-O divergence of North American Plate and Eurasian Plate

Question 3

Rift Valley

Answer 3

East African rift system, C-C Divergence of Nubian boundary and Somalian boundary of African Plate

Question 4

Oceanic trench, arc of islands

Answer 4

Mariana Trench and Mariana islands, O-O convergence of Pacific plate and Philippine plate

Question 5

Fold mountains

Answer 5

The Himalayas, C-C convergence of Eurasian plate and Indian plate

Question 6

Oceanic trench and fold mountains

Answer 6

The Barisan mountains and Sunda trench, O-C convergence of Eurasian (C) plate and Australian (O) plate

Question 7

No landform but tremendous earthquakes

Answer 7

San Andreas fault, transform between Pacific plate and North American plate

Question 8

Stratovolcano

Answer 8

Mount Mayon, Philippines

Question 9

Shield volcano

Answer 9

Mount Washington, America

Question 10

Pacific ring of fire

Answer 10

Plates: Pacific, Nazca, Philippine, Australian, Eurasian

Question 11

Magnitude

Answer 11

9.0 magnitude EQ in Tohoku, Japan, in 2011. Death toll of 28000 people

Question 12

Distance from epicentre

Answer 12

EQ in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2011, epicentre few km away from city centre

Question 13

Time of occurrence

Answer 13

EQ hours after midnight in Sun Moon lake region, Taiwan, in 1999. More than 2400 deaths

Question 14

Type of soil

Answer 14

EQ in Christchurch, New Zealand in 2011

Question 15

Tsunamis

Answer 15

9.2 magnitude EQ in the Indian Ocean in 2004 triggered a tsunami. Damage done to Western Sumatra, Indonesia (low lying)

Question 16

Disruption of services

Answer 16

EQ in Kobe, Japan, in 1995 damaged pipes and transmission lines. Disrupted electricity, gas and water supplies to 1.4 mil residents

Question 17

Landslides

Answer 17

EQ off the coast of Peru in 1970, triggered massive landslide on Mt Huscaran. Death toll of 18000

Question 18

Destructions of properties

Answer 18

EQ in Tohoku, Japan, in 2011 caused a tsunami travelling 10km inland. Hundreds of thousands forced from homes

Question 19

Destruction of infrastructure

Answer 19

EQ in Kobe, Japan, in 1995. Many places inaccessible

Question 20

Loss of lives

Answer 20

7.0 magnitude EQ in Haiti on Jan 2010. Death toll of 300000, 1.3 million homeless

Question 21

Massive risk of destruction by volcanic material

Answer 21

eruption of Nevado El Ruiz in the Andes Mt, South America, in 1985. Pyroclastic flow mixed with glaciers formed Lahars. Killed 20000 people in town of Armero

Question 22

Pollution (volcano)

Answer 22

Eruption of Eyafjallajokull in Iceland in 2010 produced volcanic ash clouds. Delayed 1.2 mil passengers, cost airline industry US$1.8bil

Question 23

Fertile soil (volcano)

Answer 23

volcanic soils of Java and Bali support the cultivation of tea, coffee and rice

Question 24

Tourism (volcanic)

Answer 24

The ruins of Pompeii, Italy. 3 mil visitors per year

Question 25

Land use regulation

Answer 25

Cali, North America. New buildings not built at fault lines or areas at risk of liquefaction

Question 26

Building design

Answer 26

Taipei 101, Taiwan. Made of steel and reinforced concrete, reinforced with cross bracing and installed with damping devices

Question 27

emergency drills

Answer 27

Every year since 1960, emergency drills conducted on September 1, disaster prevention day in Japan.

Question 28

EQ monitoring and warning systems

Answer 28

Observation stations installed on bridges or roads in Japan

Question 29

Tsunami monitoring and warning systems

Answer 29

Tsunami detectors in Hawaii, United states

Question 30

Search and rescue (short term)

Answer 30

After EQ in Tohoku, Japan, in 2011, sniffer dogs and heat sensors deployed

Question 31

Emergency, food and medical supplies

Answer 31

after EQ in Afyon in 2002, Turkish Red Crescent society delivered 20000 tents, 50000 blankets and 3000 heaters

Question 32

Provision of healthcare (long term)

Answer 32

A year after EQ in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2011, anxiety and depression identified. Health workers deployed

Question 33

Rebuilding of infrastructure (long term)

Answer 33

After EQ in Kobe, Japan, in 1995, Japan spent billions on technology to build EQ resistant buildings