Teratology , Drugs And Medication Flashcards
This refers to agents that produces STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES
Teratogen
Teratogen is derived from Greek word teratos which means?
Monsters
Most of the major structural abnormalities are easily seen at ___ and an association with a specific ___ exposure is likely to be suspected
Birth
Prenatal
Agent that interferes with normal MATURATION and FUNCTION of an organ
Hadegen
This refers to an agent that alters growth
Trophogen
Criteria for proof of human teratogenicity: (7)
- Careful delineation of clinical cases
- Rare environment exposure associated with rare defect with at least three reported cases
- Proof that agents acts on embryo or fetus, direct or indirectly
- Proven exposure to agent at critical times in prenatal development
- Association must be biologically plausible
- Consistent findings by two or more epidemiological studies of high quality
- Teratogenicity in experimental animals especially primates
This is the period of 2 weeks from fertilization to implantation
Preimplantation period
This is called the “all or none” period
Preimplantation period
Teratogens in the preimplantation period in animals can produce a ___ dependent diminution in ___ or ____
Dose dependent
Body length and size
This is the critical period from the 2nd to the 8th week following conception
Embryonic period
This is the most crucial with regard to structural malformations
Embryonic period
This pertains to the 9th week to term, in which functional maturation may be involved
Fetal period
Alteration in the cardiac blood flow can result in ___ an example of which involves (2)
Deformations
Hypoplastic left heart or aortic coarctation
Category of drugs that shows studies in pregnant women have not shown an increased risk for fetal abnormalities
Category A
This category of drugs if administered during the first, second, and third trimester of pregnancy the possibility of fetal harm appears remote
Category A
Fewer than __ percentage of all medication are within the category A
1
Examples of category A drug
Levothyroxine
Potassium supplementation
Prenatal multivitamins
This category shows that animal reproduction studies have shown adverse effect but adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus during the first trimester and in the later trimesters
Category B
Drugs under the category B
Antibiotics: Penicillins, Macrolides, Cephalosporins
This category shows that animal reproduction studies have shown that this medication is TERATOGENIC or EMBRYOCIDAL or Adverse effect and there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant woman
Category C
Examples of drugs under category C
Albuterol Zidovudine Lamivudine Beta blocker Calcium channel blocker
Category of this medication causes fetal harm when administered to pregnant woman
Category D
If this drug categories is used during pregnancy or if a woman becomes pregnant while taking this medication, she would be apprised to the potential hazard to the fetus
Category D and X
This category of drugs usually contains medications used to treat potentially life threatening medical conditions
Category D