{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "name": "Brainscape", "url": "https://www.brainscape.com/", "logo": "https://www.brainscape.com/pks/images/cms/public-views/shared/Brainscape-logo-c4e172b280b4616f7fda.svg", "sameAs": [ "https://www.facebook.com/Brainscape", "https://x.com/brainscape", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/brainscape", "https://www.instagram.com/brainscape/", "https://www.tiktok.com/@brainscapeu", "https://www.pinterest.com/brainscape/", "https://www.youtube.com/@BrainscapeNY" ], "contactPoint": { "@type": "ContactPoint", "telephone": "(929) 334-4005", "contactType": "customer service", "availableLanguage": ["English"] }, "founder": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Andrew Cohen" }, "description": "Brainscape’s spaced repetition system is proven to DOUBLE learning results! Find, make, and study flashcards online or in our mobile app. Serious learners only.", "address": { "@type": "PostalAddress", "streetAddress": "159 W 25th St, Ste 517", "addressLocality": "New York", "addressRegion": "NY", "postalCode": "10001", "addressCountry": "USA" } }

Term 2 Part 3 - Radiation Flashcards

(41 cards)

1
Q

what is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element (same number of protons) with different mass numbers/amount of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are radioisotopes?

A

Atoms that have unstable nuclei (eject particles/electromagnetic waves or undergo nuclear decay)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are 3 factors that make the nucleus unstable?

A
  • Protons can experience electrostatic forces that can make them repel
  • A strong nuclear force is needed to keep the protons and neutrons in the nucleus
  • Neutrons help to reduce the repulsion between the protons
  • Too many neutrons compared to protons
  • Nucleus too big
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is radioactivity?

A

natural decay of unstable nuclei which releases radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is irradiation?

A

intentional exposure of something to radiation WITHOUT making it radioactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is nuclear decay?

A

Protons and neutrons in the nucleus are constantly moving and rearranging themselves which sometimes causes the nucleus to emit high energy electromagnetic radiation and can cause the article to chnage into a differet element.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the relationship between nuclear decay and radiation?

A

The activity of a radioactive source is the rate at which it decays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is count rate?

A

the count rate is the number of decays per second recorded by a detector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is radioactivity measured with?

A

radioactivity is measured with a geiger counter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 3 types of radiation?

A

alpha, beta, gamma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does an alpha particle contain?

A

2 protons 2 neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is an alpha particle emitted from?

A

Emitted from A NUCLEUS THAT IS TOO BIG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the alpha particle symbol?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does a beta particle contain?

A

1 electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a beta particle emitted from?

A

Emitted from A NEUCLEUS WITH TOO MANY NEUTRONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does a beta particle split into?

A

Splits into 1 proton and 1 electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the beta particle symbol?

18
Q

what is different about gamma from beta and alpha?

A

it is a ray, not a particle

19
Q

when are gamma rays emitted?

A

EMITTED DURING NUCLEAR DECAY

20
Q

what are 4 properties of alpha particles?

A
  • Strong ionizing power
  • because of its 2+ charge it can attract electrons of their electron shells in their atom which can cause the atom to change because the number of electrons changes
  • deflects towards NEGATIVELY charged plates/objects
  • weakest penetration power
21
Q

what are 4 properties of beta particles?

A
  • Weaker ionizing power than alpha
  • because of its 1- power it needs to come closer the the electron shells in order to REPEL the electron (so the electron leaves the shells but it doesn’t attract towards the beta particles instead it goes the other way because it is repelled)
  • deflects towards POSITIVELY charged plates/objects because of its negative charge
  • slightly stronger penetration power than alpha
22
Q

what are 4 properties of gamma rays?

A
  • Weakest ionizing power
  • its 0 charge means it has to directly hit the electron in order to knock it off the shells which is rare and hard to do
  • undeflected by charged plates/objects because it has no charge
  • strongest penetration power
23
Q

what is the definition of ionising?

A

particles or waves that cause atoms to lose or gain electrons and become charged

24
Q

what can alpha, vs beta vs gamma penetrate through?

25
what are gamma rays usually used for?
Gamma is usually used to sterilize objects, or used in radiation detection in the body because it has the highest penetration rate so it is easily able to leave objects or the body
26
what are the formulas for alpha vs beta vs gamma?
27
what is half life?
the time it takes for half the sample to decay
28
what are 7 ways radiation is used in daily life?
- Automatic thickness monitoring - Smoke detectors -Medical tracers - Carbon dating - Uranium dating - Killing cells - Fault Tracers
29
how does automatic thickness monitoring work?
If the material is too thick, more radiation is absorbed so less shows through to the other side If the material is too thin, less radiation is absorbed so more shows through to the other side
30
what type of particles are used for automatic thickness monitoring and why?
Beta particles are used because they are able to pass through the materials and be detected properly
31
what does the automatic thickness detector detect?
The detector detects the amount of radiation and adjusts how far apart the rollers are to change the thickness
32
how do medical tracers work?
The parts where there is less radiation show there could be something blocking it from travelling around the body
33
what radiation particles are used for medical tracers and why?
Beta or gamma is used because it can pass out and in of the body really easily
34
how does carbon dating work?
Carbon-14 can decay but Carbon-12 cannot. It compares the ratio of Carbon-14 to Carbon-12 to see what the half-life is to determine the age. When an organism dies, C-14 levels decrease and decay into Nitrogen-14
35
how does uranium dating work?
Uranium decays into lead. We measure the ratio of uranium to lead in the rock. We use the ½ life of uranium to estimate how long ago the rock formed
36
how does killing cells work?
Gamma rays used at high frequency and precisely directed to kill cells
37
why are gamma rays used to kill cells
Gamma used to kill cells because high penetration and low ionization
38
how do smoke detectors work?
Contains radioactive substance which ionizes air causing current to flow. The smoke particles enter neutralising ions which decreases/stops currentand causes the alarm.
39
what particle is used for smoke detectors and why?
Alpha used because it has low penetration but high ionization
40
how do fault tracers work?
Radiation is put through a pipe and radiation detectors are put outside the pipe. This then tracks the radiation escape through amount changing.
41
what rays/particles are used for fault tracers and why?
Gamma can penetrate & leave pipes