Terminology and Overview of Skeletal System

Question 1

Median (Midsaggittal)

Answer 1

Left/Right

Question 2

Sagittal

Answer 2

slides the median plane to the left or the right

could have infinite number of slices

Question 3

Frontal AKA

Answer 3

Coronal
Front/Back cuts
could have infinite number of parallel planes

Question 4

transverse AKA

Answer 4

Horizontal

Top and Bottom

Question 5

axial skeleton

Answer 5

skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

Question 6

appendicular skeleton

Answer 6

limbs and the girdles (pelvis) *foundation of lower extremity

Question 7

fossa

Answer 7

depression in bone

Question 8

groove

Answer 8

depression in bone that accommodates a structure

Question 9

Tubercle

Answer 9

rounded projection, usually blunt and irregular

Question 10

articular facets

Answer 10

small, shallow depression, articulating with another bone

Question 11

notch

Answer 11

deep indentation or narrow gap

Question 12

foramen

Answer 12

hole for blood vessels and nerves to pass

Question 13

skeletal articulations

Answer 13

or joints

how two bones come together

Question 14

fibrous joints

Answer 14

suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

Question 15

cartilaginous or fibrocartilaginous joint

Answer 15

synchondrosis, symphysis

Question 16

types of joints

Answer 16

fibrous
cartilaginous or fibrocartilaginous
synovial

Question 17

suture

Answer 17

type of fibrous joint
example- bones in skull
held together by sharpey’s fibers
some flexibility (small)

Question 18

syndesmosis

Answer 18

fibrous joint
- sheet of fibrous tissue joining two bones
example - radius and ulna

Question 19

gomphosis

Answer 19

type of fibrous joint 
*teeth and alveolar bone 
peg- like articulation
tooth in bone and held with fibrous- sharpey's fibers
pdl

Question 20

synchondrosis

define primary

Answer 20

type of cartilaginous joint
see cartilage between - growth plate
growth plate will disappear
bone 1 and 2 joined by growth plate
primary = first time developing use the plate and plate/cartilage disappears
BONES UNITED BY HYALINE CARTILAGE
example- costochondral joints and sternocostal joint and xiphisternal joint

Question 21

symphysis

Answer 21

type of cartilagenous joint
SECONDARY
BONES UNITED BY FIBROUS CARTILAGE - two bones with pad of fibrocartilage
example- manubriosternal joint
manubrium (superior part of the sternum)
ALSO THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS

Question 22

synovial joint

Answer 22

joint capsule of fibrous tissue
joint cavity enclosed by capsule
synovial membrane lining capsule
synovial fluid covereing joint surfaces
usually hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces 
LOOK AT PICTURE

Question 23

types of synovial joints and their movements

Answer 23

plane (gliding) - no clear axis of motion
hinge (knee) and pivot(radius/ulna with humerus=elbow) - uniaxial, movement in one direction
condyloid (fingers) and saddle (thumb is example) - biaxial - two axis of movement
Ball and socket - triaxial = shoulder
- will then need three muscles because three separate movements

Question 24

tendon

Answer 24

muscle to bone

Question 25

ligament

Answer 25

bone to bone

Question 26

hilton's law

Answer 26

blood supply and innervation to joint are from same blood vessels and nerves that supply the muscles around the joint CRUCIAL IN PROPRIOCEPTION

Question 27

extrinsic muscle

Answer 27

a muscle that has one attachment outside the region of interest

Question 28

intrinsic muscle

Answer 28

begin in end in region itself

Question 29

move head forward

Answer 29

flexion | so back = extension

Question 30

palm facing up and move arm up

Answer 30

flexion | so back is extension

Question 31

leg straight and move forward

Answer 31

flexion | so extension is leg moved back while straight

Question 32

bending knee

Answer 32

bending knee back = flexion

Question 33

palm not facing up and moving hand down

Answer 33

flexion

Question 34

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 34

inflammatory arthritis - autoimmune so see symmetry from right to left (like in hands) symmetric typical deformities body attacking synovial joints

Question 35

osteoarthritis

Answer 35

wear on joint surfaces- so breakdown of the synovial joints may be unilateral occurring more on weight-bearing joints

Question 36

plane/ gliding is... | example?

Answer 36

synovial joint - no definite plane of motion - example is wrist - articulation is flat surface

Question 37

hinge and pivot joints | example

Answer 37

synovial joint that move in one axis hinge - knee or elbow which move in sagital plane - front and back pivot = radius and ulna (rotary movement)

Question 38

condyloid and saddle joint | examples

Answer 38

2 axial synovial joints condyloid - fingers - movement is sagital and coronal(frontal) (front back and left right) saddle- thumb

Question 39

ball and socket

Answer 39

``` tri-axial shoulder movement in all planes horizontal/transverse frontal/coronal sagital - left / right ```

Question 40

plane/gliding joint

Answer 40

uniaxial - NO CLEAR AXIS OF ROTATION flat articulating surfaces example is wrist and intervertebral type of synovial

Question 41

HINGE joint

Answer 41

uniaxial elbow and knee knee is moving within the sagittal plane

Question 42

pivot joint

Answer 42

uniaxial radius and ulna with the humerus synovial

Question 43

condyloid

Answer 43

Bi-axial in the fingers movement can occur in two planes finger is sagital and coronal plane

Question 44

saddle joint

Answer 44

bi-axial | thumb

Question 45

ball and socket

Answer 45

``` tri-axial like shoulder three planes sagital frontal/coronal transverse/horizontal = rotator ```