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Osteology & Arthrology > Terminology & Directions, Skeletal System, and Intro to Arthrology (Quiz 1) > Flashcards

Terminology & Directions, Skeletal System, and Intro to Arthrology (Quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

-body erect (standing)
-face directed anteriorly with head in natural position, eyes directed anteriorly
-arms adjacent to sides with palms facing anteriorly
-lower limbs together with feet flat and toes directed anteriorly

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2
Q

What is prone position?

A

body lying face down

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3
Q

What is supine position?

A

body lying face up

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4
Q

What is lateral recumbent position?

A

lying on side

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5
Q

What is median plane?

Note: also called median sagittal or midsagittal plane

A

vertical plane going through midline of head, neck, and trunk

divides body into equal right and left parts

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6
Q

What is sagittal or parasagittal plane?

A

vertical plane that passes parallel to the median/midsagittal plane

divides body into unequal right and left parts

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7
Q

What is frontal or coronal plane?

A

vertical plane splitting the back and front

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8
Q

What is transverse/horizontal/cross sectional plane?

A

perpendicular to median plane

divides body from top and bottom portion

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9
Q

What is another term for inferior?

A

caudal

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10
Q

What is another term for anterior?

A

ventral

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11
Q

Cartilage allows for movement, __________________, and growth

A

shock absorption

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12
Q

Cartilage is resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more ___________ is required

A

flexibility

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13
Q

What does costal cartilage attach?

A

ribs to sternum

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14
Q

Articular cartilage covers the articulating surfaces (_______________ surfaces) that are part of synovial joints. It provides smooth, low-friction gliding surfaces for free movement.

A

weight bearing

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15
Q

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

blood vessels do not enter cartilage, so its cells obtain oxygen and nutrients by diffusion

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16
Q

The portion of bone and cartilage in the skeleton changes as the body ages and grows. How?

A

younger= more cartilage

bones of a newborn are soft and flexible because they are mostly composed of cartilage

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

1) hyaline cartilage (most common)
2) fibrocartilage (2nd most abundant, found in pubic symphysis and IVD)
3) elastic cartilage (found in the nose and ears for mobility)

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18
Q

Periosteum simply means….

A

around the bone

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19
Q

Bones are a highly specialized living tissue. Bones are the hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton. Each bone is surrounded by fibrous connective tissue called…..

A

periosteum

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20
Q

What nourishes the external aspects of skeletal tissue?

A

periosteum

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21
Q

What is capable of laying down more bone in healing fractures and growth?

A

periosteum

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22
Q

What provides the interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments?

A

periosteum

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23
Q

What carries the nerve receptors for pain?

A

periosteum

(this is a protective function for bones to try to prevent damage)

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24
Q

Adult bones provide support for the body and its vital cavities. Bones are the primary supporting tissue of the body. Bones protect vital organs and structures. Bones are the mechanical basis for movement (leverage) with joints and muscle attachments. Bones store salts, particularly __________ for homeostasis. Bones produce new blood cells for hematopoiesis in ______ bone marrow. Bones also store triglycerides (fats) in ________ bone marrow

A

calcium, red, yellow

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25
Q

What are the 2 functional divisions of the adult skeleton?

A

axial and appendicular

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26
Q

What are the main components of the axial skeleton?

A

-skull/cranium (22 bones)
-hyoid bone
-rib cage (25 bones)
-vertebral column (26 bones/33 vertebrae)

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27
Q

What are the main components of the appendicular skeleton?

A

-upper limb and pectoral girdle (64 bones)
-lower limb and pelvic girdle (62 bones)

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28
Q

What shape are long bones?

A

tubular

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29
Q

What shape are short bones and where are they found?

A

cuboidal and found only in tarsus (ankle) and carpus (wrist)

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30
Q

What is the function of most flat bones?

A

protection and hematopoiesis

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31
Q

Where are sesamoid bones developed/found?

A

developed within tendons and found where tendons cross the end of long bones in the limbs

Found in the wrist and knee cap (patella)

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32
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

A

protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments

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33
Q

Where are sutural bones found?

A

within the sutures of the skull, not found in all people

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34
Q

What are crests?

A

ridge of bone

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35
Q

What is the basic structure of bone?

A

-body/soma (main structure of bone, usually flat bones, ex: sternum has a body)
-neck (of long bones)
-shaft (body of long bone, called diaphysis/diaphyses which is the ends of long bone)

Body= shaft = soma= diaphysis

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36
Q

What are epicondyles? Where are they found?

A

eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle

found in femur, humorous, etc.

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37
Q

What are lines on a bone?

A

linear elevation, sometimes called a ridge (thinner than crests)

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38
Q

What are malleoli/malleolus? Where is it found?

A

rounded process

only found in the tibia and fibula

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39
Q

What are protuberances?

A

bulge or projection of bone

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40
Q

What are spines on a bone?

A

thorn-line process

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41
Q

What are trochanters? Where is it found?

A

large, blunt elevation

only in femur, noticeable at the lateral part of the hip)

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42
Q

What are tubercles?

A

small raised eminence/elevation

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43
Q

What are tuberosities?

A

large rough rounded elevation

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44
Q

What are condyles?

A

rounded, knuckle like articular area, often occur in pairs

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45
Q

What are the 2 special forms of condyles?

A

capitulum/capitula (small round articular head, allows for supination and pronation (radial rotation))

trochlea/trochleae (spool like articular process, acts like a pulley, allows for flexion and extension of forearm and arm)

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46
Q

What do synovial joints need?

A

capsules!

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47
Q

What are facets?

A

smooth, flat area, where bones articulate, and facets are usually covered with hyaline cartilage

allow for gliding movement

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48
Q

What are heads of a bone?

A

large round articular end, similar to condyles

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49
Q

What are the 3 types of depressions?

A

-fossa/fossae
-groove/grooves or sulcus/sulci (same thing)
-notch/notches

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50
Q

What are fossae?

A

hollow or depressed area on bone (small bowl like area)

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51
Q

What are grooves or sulci?

A

elongated depression or furrow on bone

elongated = sulcus in latin

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52
Q

What are notches on bone?

A

indentation at the edge of a bone

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53
Q

What are the 4 hole types in bone?

A

-canal/canals
-fissure/fissures
-foramen/formina
-meatus/meati

54
Q

What are canals in bone?

A

elongated passage within a bone, like a tunnel

55
Q

What are fissures in bone?

A

a slit-like opening within a bone

typically seen in the skull

56
Q

What are foramen/foramina?

A

passage through a bone

57
Q

What are meatus/meati of bone?

A

blind ended canal, depressed passageway

58
Q

Joints are articulations or junctions between 2 or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton. What are the 2 ways to classify joints?

A

anatomical and physiological

59
Q

What are the anatomical classifications for joints?

A

-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synovial

60
Q

What are the physiological classifications of joints?

A

functional = amount of movement
-synarthrosis (no movement)
-amphiarthrosis (slight movement)
-diarthrosis (freely moveable)

61
Q

What is the physiological joint classification for no movement?

A

synarthrosis

62
Q

What is the physiological joint classification for slight movement?

A

amphiarthrosis

63
Q

What is the physiological joint classification for freely moveable?

A

diarthrosis

64
Q

Bones are held together by ___________ connective tissue

A

fibrous

65
Q

The amount of movement for fibrous joints depends on what?

A

the length of fibers in ligaments or the membrane

66
Q

What are the 2 types of fibrous joints we talked about in class?

A

sutures and syndesmosis/syndesmoses (ligaments)

67
Q

What is the fancy word for ligaments?

A

syndesmosis/syndesmoses

68
Q

What does the interosseous membrane allow for and where is it found?

A

allows for limited movement

found between radius and ulna or tibia and fibula

69
Q

What is gomphosis

A

our gum joints (immoveable)

70
Q

What is dento-alveolar syndesmosis?

A

Ligaments inside the mouth (gums) where tiny fibers go between the teeth and alveolar processes

71
Q

What are periodontal ligaments?

A

tiny ligaments that hold teeth in place to the jaw

72
Q

What is the area called of spongy bone between the 2 layers of compact bone?

TEST Q

A

diploe

73
Q

Bones are usually connected by either ___________ or _______________

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage

74
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A

primary (made of hyaline cartilage) and secondary (made of fibrocartilage)

75
Q

Primary cartilaginous joints are made of hyaline cartilage and has 2 types of synchondroses. What are they?

A

primary and secondary synchondroses

76
Q

What is primary synchondroses of primary cartilaginous joints?

A

it becomes synostoses (turns to fused bone)

ex: epiphyseal (growth plate)

77
Q

What is secondary synchondroses of primary cartilaginous joints?

A

remains as hyaline cartilage (synchondroses)

ex: articular cartilage and rib cartilage

78
Q

What are secondary cartilaginous joints?

A

-made of fibrocartilage (found in weight-bearing joints)
-symphyses is usually in the median plane (pubic symphysis) and IVD remain as cartilage
-others become bone (symphysis menti becomes bone, when you’re born we have 2 mandibles but after 2 years it becomes one bone)

79
Q

The fibrous capsule is the outer or inner layer of articular capsules?

A

outer layer

80
Q

Articular capsules have a joint cavity. Is this potential or actual space?

A

potential space

81
Q

What is the inner membrane of the articular capsule?

A

synovial membrane (which contains connective tissue membrane and produces synovial fluid)

82
Q

What covers articular surfaces and what is its function?

A

hyaline cartilage protects against friction

83
Q

What is continuous with the joint capsule?

A

periosteum (note: the periosteum does not cover joint surfaces)

84
Q

Ligaments/syndesmoses can be either extracapsular or intracapsular, and also extrinsic or intrinsic. What does extracapsular mean? intracapsular?

A

extracapsular = outside capsule, ex: MCL

intracapsular = inside capsule, ex: ACL

85
Q

Articular discs and menisci are intrinsic and are made of……

A

fibrocartilage

86
Q

Articular fat pads, bursae, and tendon sheaths are extrinsic. What is the function of each one?

A

fat pads= lubricates structures from friction

bursae= fibrous ligament structure filled with synovial fluid/water to prevent damage (like a pillow)

tendon sheaths= surround capsule and its how muscles attach to bone

87
Q

What does the joint cavity contain?

A

synovial fluid

88
Q

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

avascular (takes longer to heal than joint/articular capsules)

89
Q

Joint/articular capsules are rich in what?

A

blood supply!

Arteries and veins often penetrate capsule, but does not penetrate articular/hyaline cartilage

90
Q

The Hilton Law states that nerves supplying joint capsule also supply the muscles moving that joint and skin covering their distal attachment. What is this referring to?

A

proprioception and kinesthesia

91
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A

1) planar/gliding
2) hinge/ginglymus
3) pivot/rotary
4) condyloid/ellipsoidal
5) saddle/sellate
6) ball and socket/spheroidal

92
Q

Planar/gliding joints are a type of synovial joint and move uniaxially or non-axially. What does this mean?

A

moves in one direction at a time

ex: wrist, vertebral joints, foot, zygopophyses

93
Q

Hinge/ginglymus joints are a type of synovial joint and moves uniaxially. What does this mean?

A

moves in one direction at a time- flexion or extension

ex: elbow, fingers, knee

94
Q

Pivot/rotary joints are a type of synovial joint that move in a uniaxial plane. Give some examples of a pivot/rotary joint

A

-atlantoaxial joint (between atlas and axis “a-a joint”)
-radioulnar (between radius and ulna)

95
Q

Condyloid/ellipsoidal joints are a type of synovial joint that moves in a biaxial plane. Give some examples of where this joint type can be found

A

-atlanto-occipital joint (C0-C1, C0= occiput)
-wrist
-TMJ

96
Q

What is the difference between condyloid/ellipsoidal and saddle/sellate joints?

A

condyloid/ellipsoidal= concave-convex configuration

saddle/sellate= concave-concave configuration

97
Q

Saddle/sellate joints are a type of synovial joint that moves in a biaxial plane. Where can this joint type be found?

A

-thumb joint
-carpal/metacarpal joints

98
Q

Ball and socket/spheroidal joints are a type of synovial joint that move in a multiaxial or polyaxial plane. What does this mean and where can this joint type be found?

A

abduction and adduction movements

-hip joint
-gleno-humeral joint (shoulder joint)
-ear (smallest ball and socket joint)

99
Q

What is the difference between synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic and fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints?

A
100
Q

Most joints are named for the bones they connect. What are the exceptions?

A

cranial sutures do not always match cranial bone name

101
Q

What are some factors that will affect range of motion (ROM) at synovial joints?

hint: theres 6 we talked about in class

A

-structure and shape of articulating bones and cartilage (bony landmarks at joints allow or inhibit movement)
-strength and tension at the joint ligaments (double jointed)
-arrangement and tension of the muscles (hamstrings and touching toes)
-disuse (ankylosis (abnormal fusion of joints)
-aging (losing flexibility, muscle mass, and strength)
-apposition of soft parts (fat, muscles, tumors, etc)

102
Q

Most terms of movement are relative to what position?

A

anatomical position!

103
Q

What terms of movement are a part of the sagittal plane?

A

-flexion and extension
-dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the ankle
-hyperextension

104
Q

What is the fetal anatomical position?

A

everything flexed

note: everything is extended in adult anatomical position

105
Q

What is flexion?

A

bending or decreasing the angle between bones or body parts

ex: anterior movement above knee

106
Q

What is extension?

A

straightening or increasing the angle between bones or body parts

107
Q

What is dorsiflexion of the ankle?

A

extension of the ankle (lifting toes upwards)

108
Q

What is plantar flexion of the ankle?

A

bends foot and toes downwards

109
Q

What is hyperextension?

A

extension of a limb or body part beyond the normal limit

110
Q

What terms of movement are a part of the frontal/coronal plane?

A

-lateral flexion
-abduction and adduction

111
Q

What is lateral flexion?

A

R and L lateral bending special forms of abduction for only the neck and trunk

112
Q

What is abduction?

A

moving away from the median plane

113
Q

What is adduction?

A

moving toward the median plane

114
Q

What is abduction of the digits?

A

-spreading them apart
-moving the other fingers away from the neutrally positioned 3rd (middle) finger
-moving the other toes away from the neutrally positioned 2nd toe
-the 3rd finger and 2nd toe medially or laterally abduct from the neutral position

115
Q

What is adduction of the digits?

A

bringing the spread fingers or toes together toward the neutrally positioned digit

116
Q

What is opposition?

A

movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit

117
Q

What is reposition?

A

the movement of the 1st digit (thumb) from opposition back to its anatomical position

118
Q

What is pronation of the forearm?

A

rotates the radius medially so that the palm faces posteriorly and dorsally anterior

If the elbow is flexed, palms faced inferiorly

119
Q

What is supination of the forearm?

A

rotating the radius laterally and uncrossing it from the ulna, returning the pronated forearm to supination

when elbow is flexed, palm faces superiorly

120
Q

What is circumdution?

A

-circular movement involving sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
-shoulder and hip joints do this
-pollex- cmc joint

121
Q

What are the 2 types of rotation?

A

lateral and medial rotation

122
Q

What is medial rotation?

A

-internal rotation
-brings anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane

123
Q

What is lateral rotation?

A

-external rotation
-takes the anterior surface away from the median plane

124
Q

What is eversion?

A

-move the sole of the foot away from the median plane, turning the sole laterally
-full eversion includes dorsiflexion

125
Q

What is inversion?

A

-moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane, turning the sole medially
-full inversion includes plantarflexion

126
Q

What is protrusion?

A

-anterior movement (forward)
-chin (mandible), lips, tongue

127
Q

What is retrusion?

A

-posterior movement (backward)
-chin (mandible), lips, tongue

128
Q

What is protraction?

A

similar to protrusion but used for anterolateral movement of scapula

129
Q

What is retraction?

A

similar to retrusion but used for posteromedial movement of scapula

130
Q

What is elevation (in terms of movement)?

A

-raises or moves a part superiorly
-shoulders, upper eyelid, tongue, mandible

131
Q

What is depression (in terms of movement)?

A

-lowers or moves a part inferiorly
-shoulders, upper eyelid, tongue, mandible

Osteology & Arthrology (9 decks)

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