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Osteology & Arthrology > Appendicular Skeleton part 2 (final) > Flashcards

Appendicular Skeleton part 2 (final) Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for elbow joint?

A

cubitus

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2
Q

What is the normal carrying angle of the forearm?

A

5-15 degrees from the torso

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3
Q

What is varus elbow?

A

elbow deviated laterally (forearm medially deviated)

this can also happen with knee (genu) joint

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4
Q

What is valgus elbow?

A

elbow deviated medially (forearm laterally deviated)

this can also happen with knee (genu) joint

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5
Q

The interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna is ____________________

A

syndesmosis (fibrous) and amphiarthrosis

note: this is the same for the leg bone- tibia and fibula

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6
Q

What are the movements of the forearm?

A

-flexion and extension
-supination and pronation

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7
Q

What are the movements at the wrist?

A

-extension and flexion
-abduction and adduction

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8
Q

What are the 8 ligaments of the wrist?

A

1) palmar carpal ligament
2) flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)
3) extensor retinaculum
4) anterior radiocarpal ligament (also called volar or palmar)
5) posterior radiocarpal ligament (dorsal)
6) radial collateral ligament (LCL)
7) ulnar collateral ligament (MCL)
8) interosseal membrane/ligament (between bones of the antebrachium, syndesmosis, fibrous, amphiarthrotic)

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9
Q

Where is palmer carpal ligament (volar carpal ligament) found and what does it form?

A

proximal to wrist

forms tunnel of Guyon (ulnar n. and a.)

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10
Q

What does the flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) form?

A

forms carpal tunnel (distal to wrist)

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11
Q

Where is the extensor retinaculum found?

A

superficial to extensor tendons (posterior at wrist, covers wrist joint)

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12
Q

What nerve innervates most of the forearm?

A

median n.

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13
Q

What are the joints of the wrist and hand?

A

-distal radioulnar joint
-radiocarpal/radioscaphiod joint
-ulnocarpal/ulnotriquetral joint
-intercarpal joint
-carpometacarpal (CMC) joints (saddle or gliding depending on where)

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14
Q

What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?

A

pivot (uniaxial)

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15
Q

What type of joint is the radiocarpal/radioscaphiod joint?

A

condyloid (biaxial- radial/ulnar deviation, flexion extension, hyperextension)

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16
Q

What does the ulnocarpal/ulnotriquetral joint make?

A

the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)

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17
Q

What type of joint is the intercarpal joint?

A

planar (uniaxial)

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18
Q

What type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint (CMC) at the 1st digit?

A

saddle (biaxial- abduction, adduction, opposition, flexion, extension, hyperextension)

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19
Q

What type of joint is the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint at digit 2-5?

A

gliding joint (uniaxial- abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension)

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20
Q

What are the 2 joints of the fingers?

A

-metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint
-interphalangeal joint (IP)

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21
Q

Where is the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint found?

A

at the first (proximal) knuckles

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22
Q

What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint?

A

condyloid joint (biaxial- abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension)

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23
Q

What ligament attaches to the heads of metacarpals 2-5 and overlaps with the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints?

A

deep transverse metacarpal ligament

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24
Q

What type of joint is the interphalangeal joint (IP)?

A

hinge (uniaxial- flexion and extension)

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25
Q

What are the 3 kinds of joint capsules at the knuckles?

A

2nd knuckle= PIP joints

3th knuckle= DIP joints

thumb knuckle= IP joint

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26
Q

What is the interphalangeal joint (IP) supported by?
What does IP connect by?

A

supported by collateral ligaments and anteriorly/posteriorly by tendons

connected by communal extensor tendon sheath

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27
Q

What are the movements of the fingers?

A

-abduction and adduction of digit 2-5
-lateral abduction and medial adduction of 3rd digit
-extension and flexion
-opposition and reposition
-pronation and supination

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28
Q

What are the 9 flexor tendons of the carpal tunnel?

A

-4 flexor digitorum superficialis
-4 flexor digitorum profundus
-1 flexor pollicis longus

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29
Q

What nerve runs through the carpal tunnel?

A

median n.

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30
Q

What ligament is the medial attachment to the pisiform?

A

flexor retinaculum

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31
Q

What is the source of tendonitis and swelling in the carpal tunnel?

A

tenosynovium anteriorly and posteriorly

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32
Q

What is the name for the 1st digit?

A

thumb, pollex, pollicis

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33
Q

What is the name for the 2nd digit?

A

index

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34
Q

What is the name for the 3rd digit?

A

middle or potens

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35
Q

What is the name for the 4th finger?

A

ring or annular

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36
Q

What is the name for the 5th digit?

A

pinky, pinkie, or digiti minimi

37
Q

What is the name of the 1st toe?

A

great toe, hallux, hallicus (plural= halluce and hallucum)

38
Q

The pelvic girdle is a ring-like bony structure that is made of 2 hip bones, __________, and ____________

A

sacrum, coccyx

39
Q

What is another name for pelvic brim?

A

linea terminalis

40
Q

What makes up the pelvic brim?

A

-iliopectineal lines
-sacral promontory and ala
-pubic symphysis

41
Q

What is the false pelvis and true pelvis?

A

false= above pelvic brim, holds abdominal organs and cavity

true pelvis= below pelvic brim, holds pelvis organs and cavity

42
Q

What cartilage is the pubic symphysis made of?

A

fibrocartilage and is amphiarthrotic

43
Q

What cartilage is the superior portion of the sacroiliac joint made of?

A

fibrocartilage and is amphiarthrotic

44
Q

What type of joint is the inferior and anterior portion of the sacroiliac joint?

A

synovial modified condyloid with hyaline cartilage and is gliding (called rotation)

45
Q

What are the ligaments of the pelvis?

A

-iliolumbar ligament (between L5 and ilium)
-superior pubic ligament
-anterior SI ligament
-posterior sacroiliac (SI) ligament
-sacrospinous ligament
-sacrotuberous ligament
-inguinal ligament

46
Q

The main joints between coxal bones is a _______________

A

synostoses from primary synchondroses (this is the iliopubic eminence, ischiopubic joints, and ilioischial joint)

47
Q

What forms the obturator foramen?

A

inferior pubic ramus and inferior ischial ramus

48
Q

What forms the acetabulum?

A

-bodies of ilium and ischium
-superior ramus of pubic

49
Q

What forms the iliopectinal line?

A

arcurate line of ilium and pectineal line of pubis

50
Q

What type of joint is the coxal joint (hip joint)? What makes up the joint capsule?

Think ligaments and cartilage

A

ball and socket (multiaxial)
-iliofemoral ligament
-ishiofemoral ligament
-pubofemoral ligament
-acetabular labrum (fibrocartilage around joint)
-intracapsular ligament= ligamentum teres femoris capitis (lies in acetabular notch)

51
Q

What 2 bursae are found at the hip joint?

A

iliopectineal bursa and trochanteric bursa

52
Q

What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint of the knee?

A

modified hinge (biaxial with rotation)

53
Q

What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

MCL (TCL) and LCL (FCL)

54
Q

What are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

ACL and PCL

55
Q

What is the difference between the medial and lateral menisci in terms of surface and shape?

A

medial= larger surface and incomplete (C- shaped)

lateral= smaller surface and complete (o-shaped)

56
Q

Which joint has the most bursae?

A

the knee joint

57
Q

What is the largest and most complicated joint in the body?

A

knee joint

58
Q

What is the unhappy triad of the knee?

A

medial meniscus, MCL is attached to medial meniscus, and ACL all have a close relationship to each other so when one gets damaged, they all do especially ACL because its under constant tension

59
Q

Why do men and women stand and walk differently?

A

-pelvic differences
-angle of convergence of the femur

60
Q

What is Wolff’s law?

A

“law of bone transformation”
-bone is laid down where needed to resist compressive and tensile forces and is removed where needed in order to achieve the greatest economy of tissue

61
Q

What is the Heuter Volkmann Principle?

A

-there is a direct relationship between static compressive forces parallel to the longitudinal axis of a long bone and the rate of growth of the epiphyseal cartilage
-this means compressive forces may be important factors in regulating the growth of epiphyseal cartilage and even long bone lengths (valgus or varus angle in knee)

vargus= bow legged
valgus= knock knees

62
Q

A knee that is perfectly aligned has its load-bearing axis on a line that runs down the middle of the leg- through the hip, knee, and ankle. When the knee is perfectly aligned, otherwise known as malaligned, it is known as either _______________ or ________________ alignment. There is a link between knee malalignment and osteoarthritis of the knee

A

varus (bow legged), valgus (knock knee)

63
Q

What type of joint is the tibiofibular joint?

A

planar synovial

64
Q

What does the proximal joint capsule of the tibiofibular joint have?

A

anterior and posterior ligament of the head of the fibula

65
Q

What does the distal joint capsule of the tibiofibular joint have?

A

anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament

66
Q

Where is the talocrucal joint?

A

between ankle and leg

67
Q

What 3 bones make up the talocrural joint?

A

tibia, fibula, and talus

68
Q

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

complex hinge joint

69
Q

What 2 joints does the talocrural joint articulate with?

A

tibiotalar joint and fibulotalar joint

70
Q

What movements can the talocrural joint do?

A

-dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
-extension
-inversion and eversion

71
Q

What are the 4 main ligaments of the talocrural joint?

A

1) lateral ligament of ankle
2) anterior and posterior inferior tibiofibular ligaments
3) deltoid ligament

71
Q

What 3 ligaments make up the lateral ligament of the ankle?

A

1) anterior talofibular ligament
2) posterior talofibular ligament
3) calcaneofibular ligament

72
Q

What 4 ligaments make up the deltoid ligament?

A

1) posterior tibiotalar ligament
2) tibiocalcaneal ligament
3) anterior tibiotalar ligament
4) tibionavicular ligament

73
Q

What 5 tendons are found near the talocrural joint?

A

1) achilles tendon
2) fibularis longus tendon
3) tom, dick, and harry tendons (posterior tibial t., flexor digitorum longus t., and flexor hallicus longus t.)

74
Q

How many arches are there of the foot?

A

3 (medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse)

75
Q

What are the 3 arches of the foot shaped by?

A

metatarsal and tarsal bones (and braced by tendons and ligaments)

76
Q

Which foot arch is the highest?

A

medial longitudinal arch

77
Q

Which foot arch has the navicular bone as the “keystone”?

A

medial longitudinal arch

78
Q

What is the medial longitudinal arch supported by?

A

-spring ligament with the calcaneonavicular joint
-plantar fascia (plantar aponerosis)
-long and short plantar ligaments
-involves digits 1, 2, and 3

79
Q

Which foot arch has the cuboidal bone as the “keystone”?

A

lateral longitudinal arch

80
Q

Which toes are involved with the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

4 and 5

81
Q

What 2 defects could occur in the foot arches?

A

-pes cavus or claw foot
-pes planus or flat foot (hard to walk becuase sping ligament is weak)

82
Q

What are the joints of the foot and toes?

A

-intertarsal (talonavicular joint)
-tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint
-metatarsalphalangeal (MTP) joint
-interphalangeal joint (IP, DIPs, and PIPs)

83
Q

What type of joint is the intertarsal joint?

A

talonavicular joint is a modified ball and socket

all other intertarsal joints are gliding or planar (uniaxial) and named based on the bones it connects

84
Q

What type of joint is the tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint?

A

gliding or planar (uniaxial)

85
Q

What type of joint is the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint?

A

condyloid (biaxial- abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension)

86
Q

What type of joint is the interphalangeal joint?

A

hinge (uniaxial- flexion and extension)

87
Q

Where is the joint capsule for the interphalangeal joint?

A

at the knuckle (IP, DIP, PIP)

88
Q

What is the interphalangeal joint connected by?

A

laterally by ligaments (communal extensor tendon sheath and collateral ligaments, and supported anterioposteriorly by tendons and tenosynovium)

Osteology & Arthrology (9 decks)

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