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Osteology & Arthrology > Vertebral Column Joints and Ligaments (midterm) > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Joints and Ligaments (midterm) Flashcards

1
Q

The IVD is a symphysis. Describe what type of joint it is and its movement

A

-secondary cartilaginous joint (fibrocartilage)
-amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

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2
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus of the IVD?

A

fibrous tissue connection to bone to hold it in place

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3
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus of the IVD? What does it contain?

A

-jelly like substance/cushion
-contains water and collagen fibers

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4
Q

What are the 2 pathways for bulging disc/disc herniation?

A

1) posterior route (will affect the spinal cord bilaterally and inferiorly, affects motor more than sensory)
2) posterolateral hernia (affects spinal cord unilaterally, motor and sensory is affected)

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5
Q

What is the most common hernia/bulge disc?

A

posteriolateral hernia (affects spinal cord unilaterally, motor and sensory)

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6
Q

Which ligament is most likely to herniate? Why?

A

PLL, because its so narrow

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7
Q

Which ligament rarely herniates? Why?

A

ALL, because it is THICK, and we don’t extend as far as we can flex (so there is more pressure anteriorly on ALL aka why its thick)

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8
Q

T/F: veins branch much more frequently than the arteries do in the vertebrae

A

true!

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9
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

Arteries that branch/wrap around the vertebrae

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10
Q

An anastomosis begins with the _________ and then branch into L and R sides. This will line up with each vertebral level (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx). These arteries will go into the vertebrae and IVF and be called _________________. This blood supply in the vertebrae can eventually be called a plexus, because veins are present. In this specific case, it will eventually form the azygous venous system

A

aorta, nutrient arteries

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11
Q

What is the difference between an
anastomosis and a plexus?

A

Anastomosis= arteries
Plexus = veins

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12
Q

Where is the posterior internal plexus found?

A

Interior wall of the vertebrae

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13
Q

Where are basivertebral veins found?

A

Inside the vertebral bodies (spongy bone)

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14
Q

What is the function of arteries? What is the function of veins?

A

Arteries transport oxygen and nutrients throughout body

Veins remove wastes from the blood throughout body

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15
Q

Where are the mixed spinal nerves?

A

Within the IVF

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16
Q

Sensory pathway:

Sensory neuron > DRG > ?

A

Dorsal horn

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17
Q

The cell body of a motor neuron is in the CNS ___________ horn. The axon of that neuron travels in the ___________ root to the mixed spinal nerve and down the ventral ramus to innervate a muscle

A

Ventral, ventral

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18
Q

Where does most of the movement of the vertebral column come from?

A

IVD (zygopophyses joints)

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19
Q

T/F: the movement of the vertebral column is just a series of tiny movements in segments that can move the whole body

A

True!

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20
Q

The zygopophyses joint is formed by what?

A

Superior and inferior articulate facets

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21
Q

What type of joint is the zygopophyseal joint?

A

Synovial planar/gliding (uniaxial/nonaxial) and diarthrotic joint

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22
Q

Which vertebral segment has the most mobility?

A

Cervical

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23
Q

Which vertebral segment has some mobility?

A

Lumbar

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24
Q

Which vertebral segment has limited/the least mobility?

A

Thoracic

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25
Q

What is the abbreviation for zygopophyseal joints?

A

Z joints

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26
Q

The cervical region runs in which plane?

A

Frontal/coronal

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27
Q

What movements are possible in the Cervical region?

A

All movements- flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

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28
Q

What plane does the thoracic region run in?

A

Frontal/coronal plane

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29
Q

What movements are possible with the thoracic region?

A

Lateral flexion and rotation only (limited bc of ribs and sternum)

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30
Q

The lumbar region runs in which plane?

A

Mid-Sagittal plane

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31
Q

What movements are possible in the lumbar region?

A

Flexion and extension only

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32
Q

When someone says “upper Cervical”, what are they referring to?

A

C1 and C2

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33
Q

What 2 joints allow movements for the head and neck at the upper Cervical?

A

1) atlanto-occipital joints (C1-C0, also called AO joint)
2) atlanto-axial joint (C1-C2)

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34
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Synovial condyloid

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35
Q

What movements are allowed with the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

-nod head “yes” (flexion, extension, hyper extension)
-tilt head sideways (lateral flexion and extension)

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36
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint AT THE DENS? What movement does it allow?

A

Synovial pivot/rotary joint, allows rotation (turn head “no”)

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37
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-axis joint AT THE ZYGOPOPHYSES? What movement is allowed here?

A

Synovial planar/gliding joint (uniaxial/nonaxial), allows for lateral flexion and extension, and assists rotation of the neck

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38
Q

Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) found?

A

Inside the VF/vertebral canal

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39
Q

What 2 major ligaments are attached to the vertebral bodies?

A

1) anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
2) posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

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40
Q

Where is the ALL found?

A

Anterior to the vertebral body all the way down to the sacrum

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41
Q

The PLL runs on the posterior aspect of the vertebral body and makes the anterior wall of the….

A

Vertebral canal

42
Q

What ligament is attached to the vertebral arch?

A

Ligamentum flavum (begins at C2-C3)

43
Q

Where can you find the ligamentum flavum?

A

Begins at C2-C3 and is located between the lamina of the vertebral arch

44
Q

What does “flavum” mean?

A

Yellow

45
Q

Which 4 ligaments are attached to processes?

A

1) intertransverse ligament
2) interspinous ligament
3) supraspinous ligament
4) facet capsulary ligament

46
Q

Where can you find the intertransverse ligament?

A

Between transverse processes

47
Q

Where can you find the interspinous ligaments?

A

Between spinous processes (SP root to apex of SP)

48
Q

The supraspinous ligament goes from the apex of the SP to the apex of the SP and continues downward. When the supraspinous and interspinous ligament meet, they form the…

A

Ligamentum nuchae C1-C7

49
Q

Where is the facet capsular ligament found?

A

Around the zygopophyseal joints (synovial capsule)

50
Q

Flexion of the anterior side is limited by which ligament?

A

PLL

51
Q

Lateral flexion is limited by which ligaments?

A

Intertransverse ligaments

52
Q

The anatomical position is _______________

A

Extension

53
Q

Extension is limited by which ligament?

A

ALL

54
Q

Hyperextension is limited by what?

A

ALL and spinous processes

55
Q

Rotation is limited by which ligaments?

A

-interspinous ligament
-intertransverse ligament
-Ligamentum flavum

56
Q

ALL goes from the foremen magnum of the occiput > anterior arch of _____ > bodies of _____> L5> S5

A

C1, C2

57
Q

Which 2 ligaments are made up of strong band of longitudinal fibers?

A

ALL and PLL

58
Q

The ALL is found on the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies from _______. It is attached to the basilar portion of the occiput > anterior tubercles of the _______> body of ________> prominent margins of vertebral bodies> IVDs> anterior surface of sacrum

A

C0-S5 (occiput-sacrum), atlas, axis

59
Q

Which ligament is narrow cranially and wide caudally?

A

ALL (opposite of PLL)

60
Q

The ALL is composed of how many fibers?

A

3 (superficial, intermediate, deep)

61
Q

Which fibers of the ALL are the longest and extend 4-5 vertebrae?

A

superficial fibers

62
Q

Which fibers of the ALL extend 2-3 vertebrae?

A

intermediate fibers

63
Q

Which fibers of the ALL are the shortest and extend only between adjacent vertebrae?

A

deep fibers

64
Q

Where is the ALL specialized?

A

upper cervical region (C0-C2, superior ligaments)
-anterior atlanto-occipital membrane/ligaments (C1-C0)
-anterior atlanto-axial ligaments (C1-C2)

65
Q

Which ligament is thicker in the thoracic and lumbar regions, and thicker over the vertebral bodies than IVD?

A

ALL

66
Q

Which ligament limits extension?

A

ALL

67
Q

The PLL is found on the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies from _______. It is attached to the body of the _______, vertebrae (not firmly), and IVDs, and ends at the superior surface of ______

A

C2-S1, axis, S1

68
Q

Which ligament is wide cranially and narrow caudally?

A

PLL (opposite of ALL)

69
Q

Which ligament is denticulated in the lower thoracic and lumbar regions (broadest over IVDs, narrowest over bodies)?

A

PLL

70
Q

Which ligament is composed of 2 fibers?

A

PLL (superficial and deep)

71
Q

Which fibers of the PLL are the longest and extend over 3-4 vertebrae?

A

superficial fibers

72
Q

Which fibers of the PLL are the shortest and extend only between adjacent vertebrae?

A

deep fibers

73
Q

Where is the PLL specialized?

A

upper cervical (C0-C2)
-tectorial membrane

74
Q

Which ligament is thinnest in the thoracic and lumbar regions, while thicker over the vertebral bodies as opposed to IVDs?

A

PLL

75
Q

Which ligament limits flexion?

A

PLL

76
Q

The ligamentum flavum connects the __________ of adjacent vertebrae from __________

A

lamina, C2-S1

77
Q

Where is the ligamentum flavum specialized?

A

C0-C2
-posterior atlanto-occipital membrane/ligaments (C1-C0)
-posterior atlanto-axis ligaments (C1-C2)

78
Q

Which ligament is composed of yellow elastic tissue?

A

ligamentum flavum

note: this permits extensibility and elasticity

78
Q

Which ligament has yellow elastic tissue that permits extensibility and elasticity?

A

ligamentum flavum

79
Q

Which ligament is thin, broad, and long in the cervical region, while thickest in the lumbar region, and intermediate in the thoracic region?

A

ligamentum flavum

80
Q

Which ligament just has one pair between adjacent vertebrae?

A

ligamentum flavum

81
Q

The ligamentum flavum runs from the anterior inferior surface of the __________________, and posterior superior surface of the ____________________

high probability will be midterm q

A

superior lamina, inferior lamina

82
Q

Which ligament functions to prevent separation of the laminae during flexion of the vertebral column?

A

ligamentum flavum

83
Q

Which ligament is found between the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae and limits lateral flexion?

A

intertransverse ligament

84
Q

Which ligament has only a few irregular fibers in the cervical region and is largely replaced by intertransverse muscles?

A

intertransverse ligament

85
Q

Which ligament is thin and membranous in the lumbar region?

A

intertransverse ligament

86
Q

Which ligament is between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae and extends from the root of one SP to apex of each process, and limits flexion?

A

interspinous ligament

87
Q

Which ligament meets the supraspinous ligament dorsally and the ligamenta flava laterally/ventrally?

A

interspinous ligament

88
Q

Which ligament is thin and membranous throughout?

A

interspinous ligament

89
Q

Which ligament has a strong, fibrous cord that connects the apices of SPs from C7-S5?

A

supraspinous ligament

90
Q

Which ligament has 3 fibers besides the ALL?

A

supraspinous ligament (same fibers as ALL, only difference is the location of ALL and supraspinous)

superficial, intermediate, and deep fibers
-superficial fibers span 3-4 vertebrae
-intermediate fibers span 2-3 vertebrae
-deep fibers run between adjacent vertebrae

91
Q

Which ligament is thicker and broader in the lumbar and relatively thin in the thoracic?

A

supraspinous ligament

92
Q

Which ligaments specialize as ligamentum nuchae from C0-C7?

A

supraspinous and interspinous ligaments

93
Q

What is more developed in animals than humans (cows, horse, sheep)?

A

ligamentum nuchae

94
Q

Which ligament runs from C0-C7 and is attached to the EOP crest > posterior tubercle of C1 > spinous processes of C2-C7?

A

ligamentum nuchae ligament

95
Q

Which ligament replaces the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments?

A

ligamentum nuchae

96
Q

Which ligament’s fibers developed homologous with the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments of the lower vertebral levels?

A

ligamentum nuchae

97
Q

Which ligament exisits as a pair of dense, bilateral, fibroelastic laminae seperated by a layer of areolar tissue that blends into the free dorsal border?

A

ligamentum nuchae

98
Q

Which ligament functions passively to support the head?

A

ligamentum nuchae

99
Q

Which ligament is found between adjacent articular processes and within a synovial planar joint capsule?

A

ligamentum nuchae

Osteology & Arthrology (9 decks)

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