What is phonetics?
sound pronounciation
What is phonology?
sound functions
What is syntax?
study of words in sentences
What is orthology?
words in writing
What is transcription?
words in speech
What is semantics and pragmatics?
word meanings
What is etymology?
word history
What is morphology?
word structure
What is affixation?
creation of new words using affixes
What is conversion?
creation of new words using articles
What is endocentric compounding?
compounds that narrow meaning of second lexical morpheme
What is exocentric compounding?
compounds that are abstract to the sum of its parts
What is blending?
creation of new words by meshing them together
What is clipping?
creation of new words by shortening the original
What is backformation?
creation of new words by removing affixes
What is a segmental system?
symbols = consonants
What is a syllabic system?
symbols = syllables
What is an alphabetic system?
symbols = sounds
What is a paradigm?
a complete set of lexemes
What is a lexical morpheme?
segment of a word that forms the base and holds the meaning
What is a grammatical morpheme?
affix segments of words
What is a derivational morpheme?
affix segments of words that form new words when added
What is denotation?
literal meaning
What is connotation?
implied meaning
What is a root derivative?
root + derivational affix
What is a stem derivative?
root + thematic vowel + derivational affix
What is a past particible derivative?
root + thematic vowel + t + derivational affix
What is a present particible derivative?
root + thematic vowel + nt + derivational affix
What is degemination?
loss of an ‘s’ if:
- root has tense vowel
- two consonants follow root vowel
- root has two vowels
What is nasal increment?
‘n’ inserted into the root
What is rhotacism?
’s’ becomes ‘r’ when between two vowels
VsV –> VrV
What is u/v alternation?
‘u’ becomes ‘v’ when between two vowels or a vowel and ‘l’
VuV –> VvV or LuV –> LvV
What is vowel raising?
vowel + ‘l’ + consonant becomes ‘u’ + ‘l’ + consonant
What is s increment?
insertion of ‘s’
What is epenthesis?
insertion of a consonant between two consonants
What is an ablaut?
set of vowel alternations with unclear rules
What is the Latin linking vowel?
i
What are the Greek linking vowels?
a, e, o, y
What is lenition?
softening of consonants
Vp/bV –> VvV
Vt/d –> V V
Vc/gV –> V V
What is vocalization?
consonants become vowel like
Vc/gV –> Vy[i]V
What is syncope?
loss of unstressed vowel in second syllable
What is s deletion?
deletion of ‘s’ in French
What is prothesis?
insertion of vowel to front of word beginning with [s] + consonant
What is metathesis?
reversal of letter order
What are the French assibilation rules?
c[k] –> c[s]
c[k]a –> cha
g[g] –> g[dj]
What is vocalization in English?
‘g’ becomes vowel like when followed by ‘n’ in same syllable
What is polysemy?
words with several connected meanings
What is homophony?
words with several unrelated meanings
What are homophones?
words that sound the same but are written differently
What are homographs?
words that share spelling
What are metaphors?
change of meaning via literal or abstract resemblance
What is metonymy?
change of meaning unrelated to resemblance
What is narrowing?
broad term becomes specific
What is broadening?
specific term becomes general
What is amelioration?
word becomes more positive in meaning
What is pejoration?
word becomes more negative in meaning
What is semantic bleaching?
overused word loses its meaning
What are euphemisms?
replacement words for words too inappropriate for conversation
What are taboos?
distasteful words
