TERMS Flashcards
(18 cards)
From the Greek
monothelos (“One-Will”). One-Will
thinkers taught that Jesus had two
natures, but only his divine nature
could make choices. In AD 681 the
Third
Council
of
Constantinople
affirmed that Jesus had two wills—one
human, one divine. But, they added, his
two wills never disagreed.
Monotheletism
A
document, forged around AD 800,
which claimed Constantine gave the
pope power over all other bishops, as
well as large portions of Italy
The Donation of Constantine
The title
which, in theory, made someone the
heir of the ancient Roman emperors and
the ruler of the Western Empire. In
reality, Holy Roman Emperors only
ruled portions of central Europe.
German kings possessed the title from
AD 962 until 1806, when Napoleon
abolished it.
Holy Roman Emperor
Heretical sect, named
after Albi, the French town where they
arose. Also called “Cathars” (“Pure
Ones”). Condemned by the Fourth
Lateran Council for their Gnostic
teachings.
Albigensians
Roman Catholic
and Eastern Orthodox belief that the
Lord’s Supper elements become Jesus’
body and blood, even though their
outer appearance never changes
Transubstantiation
Roman Catholic monastic
order. Also known as “White Monks”
(because of their undyed robes) or the
“Sacred Order of Citeaux.” Named after
Cistertium-Citeaux, the French town
where Robert Molesme founded the
order.
Cistercians
Group of lay-preachers.
Also known as the “Vaudois.” Named
after Waldo (Valdes), their founder.
Condemned at the Third and Fourth
Lateran Councils. They survived until
the 1600s, when they joined the
Protestant movement
Waldensians
Roman
Catholic
monastic order. Also known as the
“Order of Friars, Minor.” Many leading
Scholastic scholars, including William of
Ockham, were Franciscans.
Franciscans
Roman
Catholic
monastic order. Named after Dominic,
their founder. Also known as “Black
Friars” (because of their black robes) or
the “Order of Friars, Preachers
Dominicans
The belief that a
church council has authority over all
church members, including the pope.
The Councils of Constance and Pisa
were triumphs for conciliarism.
Conciliarism
Muslim empire,
founded by the fourteenth-century
warrior, Othman. The Ottoman “Turks”
eventually ruled the area now known as
Turkey. In 1453, they conquered
Constantinople, the Eastern Empire’s
last stronghold. The Eastern scholars
who
fled
to
Europe
from
Constantinople helped to trigger the
Renaissance
Ottoman Empire
The
Renaissance was a fifteenth-century
revival of interest in ancient languages
and in the humanities. Renaissance
writers
were
called
“humanists”
because they focused on practical
human actions instead of Scholastic
logic.
Renaissance Humanism
This tribunal—
formed in 1479 by King Ferdinand V
and Queen Isabella—tortured, burned,
and exiled thousands of Jews, Muslims,
and heretics. Contemporary Roman
Catholics
have
condemned
the
Inquisitors’ methods
Spanish Inquisition
Latin for “grace alone, faith alone,
Scripture alone.” These words sum up
the Protestant belief that justification is
received by grace alone through faith
alone and that the Bible should be the
church’s only authority
Sola gratia, sola fide, sola scriptura
Protestant
churches, such as the Presbyterians, that
were strongly influenced by Calvin and
Knox.
Reformed Churches
Luther’s belief
that, after the prayer of consecration
during communion, the body and blood
of Christ coexist with the Lord’s Supper
elements
Consubstantiation
Reformed
statement of faith, compiled in 1562.
Widely used by Protestants for
centuries.
Heidelberg Catechism
Christians in traditionally
Orthodox areas who united with the
Roman Catholic Church under the
terms of the Union of Brest-Litovsk
Uniats
