Terms

Question 1

Phonation

Answer 1

the forced expression of air passing through the vocal cords, allowing for sounds (motor)

Question 2

Dysphonia

Answer 2

— inability/dysfunction of phonation; hoarseness

Question 3

Dysarthria

Answer 3

— speech disorder with loss/difficulty articulating words; slurring speech

Question 4

Aphasia

Answer 4

— loss/impairment of language function due to brain disease

Question 5

Dysgraphia/Agraphia

Answer 5

— difficulty/inability to write with normal sensorimotor function

Question 6

• Dyslexia/Alexia

Answer 6

— difficulty/inability to read

Question 7

• Anomia

Answer 7

— inability in naming things

Question 8

• Apraxia

Answer 8

— inability to perform previously learned motor acts despite normal sensorimotor
function

Question 9

• Agnosia

Answer 9

— difficulty identifying or recognizing; tactile, visual, part of body

Question 10

Stereognosis

Answer 10

— failure of tactile recognition of objects

Question 11

Unilateral neglect

Answer 11

— variant where the patient fails to recognize stimuli in one half of space, contralateral to the brain lesion.

Question 12

Ataxia:

Answer 12

incoordination of movement not due to motor weakness

Question 13

Chorea

Answer 13

— a rapid, fleeting, involuntary movement

Question 14

• Athetosis

Answer 14

— a slow writhing snakelike movement

Question 15

• Dystonia

Answer 15

— a sustained athetoid movement (Involuntary movement. Schizaphrania)

Question 16

• Myoclonus

Answer 16

— a sudden, rapid twitch-like motion

Question 17

• Hemiballism

Answer 17

— a flinging motion of a limb Like chorea but the whole limb. Large movement.

Question 18

• Tics

Answer 18

— quick, twitch-like motions or actions (“habit spasms”) that are semi-voluntary

Question 19

Dysdiodochokinesia

Answer 19

— incoordination in performing rapidly alternating movements

Question 20

• Rebound phenomenon

Answer 20

— impaired check response

Question 21

• Dysarthria

Answer 21

— speech ataxia, slurred speech

Question 22

• Oculomotor ataxia

Answer 22

— nystagmus, diplopia

Question 23

Decompensation of movement

Answer 23

— motions appear to be broken up into a series of choppy steps
(dys-synergy).

Question 24

• Hypotonia

Answer 24

— decreased resistance to PROM.

Question 25

Paralysis:

Answer 25

a total loss of voluntary motor control (mono-, para-, quad-, hemi-, and —plegia)

Question 26

Paresis:

Answer 26

a partial loss of voluntary motor control

Question 27

Palsy:

Answer 27

paralysis of 1 muscle or group of muscles innervated by a peripheral nerve (e.g. ulnar nerve palsy)

Question 28

Clonus:

Answer 28

a series of reflex contractions of a muscle caused by a quick stretch of the muscle/tendon; usually an UMN sign.

Question 29

Muscle tone/tonus:

Answer 29

the resistance that is offered by a limb when it is taken through a PROM Hypertonus (spasticity or rigidity) versus hypotonus (flaccidity)

Question 30

Fasciculations:

Answer 30

Spontaneous twitches of muscle fibers innervated by one motor unity which can be visibly seen; LMN denervation

Question 31

Fibrillations:

Answer 31

spontaneous firing of a single muscle fiber which is not observable (seen only by the needle EMG exam); indicates LMN

Question 32

Spasticity

Answer 32

marked resistance to the initiation of PROM, especially if done rapidly (aka clasp-knife spasticity); seen in UMN disease

Question 33

Rigidity:

Answer 33

marked resistance to PROM which persists through the entire ROM (aka lead pipe rigidity, cogwheel rigidity); seen in extrapyramidal disease (e.g. Parkinson’s)

Question 34

Amnestic dementia

Answer 34

Inability to form new memories; long term memory may be fine; confabulations

Question 35

Dementia Pugilistic

Answer 35

CTE: boxer’s dementia