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Bio Exams > Terms E-1 > Flashcards

Terms E-1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biology

A

the scientific study of life

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2
Q

organisms

A

living things made of one or more cells

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3
Q

cells

A

basic units of life

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4
Q

unicellular

A

simple single-celled organisms

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5
Q

multicellular

A

organisms with 2 or more cells

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6
Q

DNA

A

molecule that carries genetic information that makes up chromosomes

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7
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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8
Q

atoms

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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9
Q

molecule

A

2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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10
Q

organelle

A

specialized structure that preforms important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

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11
Q

tissue

A

a group of similar cells that perform a specific function

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12
Q

organ

A

a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

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13
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions

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14
Q

population

A

a group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

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15
Q

community

A

all the different populations that live together in an area

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16
Q

ecosystem

A

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

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17
Q

biospere

A

a part of earth in which life exists including land water and air or atmosphere

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18
Q

emergent properties

A

an alternating and perhaps more powerful way of looking at systems-level behavior characteristics such as safety and security. this perspective also helps provide a more testable measurable answer to questions such as “how secure is our system?”

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19
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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20
Q

producer

A

an organism that can make its own food

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21
Q

consumer

A

an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

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22
Q

decomposer

A

an organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms

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23
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that make their own food

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24
Q

heterotrophs

A

an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products

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25
Q

homeostasis

A

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

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26
Q

asexual reproduction

A

process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

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27
Q

sexual reproduction

A

a reproductive process that involves 2 parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism which differs from both parents

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28
Q

development

A

the process of change that occurs during an organisms life to produce a more complex organism

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29
Q

evolution

A

change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

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30
Q

mutation

A

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

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31
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

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32
Q

adaptation

A

inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival

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33
Q

taxonomy

A

the scientific study of how living things are classified

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34
Q

evolutionary relationships

A

evidence from DNA protein structure fossils early development and body structure to find a pattern of decent

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35
Q

common ancestors

A

the shared ancestor of new different species that arose from one population

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36
Q

domain

A

a taxonomic category above the kingdom level. the tree domains are archaea bacteria and eukarya

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37
Q

kingdom

A

first and largest taxonomy category used to classify organisms

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38
Q

genius

A
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39
Q

species

A
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40
Q

tree of life

A

a diagram depicting the genealogical relationships of all living organisms on earth with a single ancestral species at the base

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41
Q

bacteria

A

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

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42
Q

archaea

A

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

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43
Q

eukarya

A

Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals

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44
Q

prokaryotes

A

cells that do not contain nuclei; Bacteria and Archaea

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45
Q

eukaryotes

A

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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46
Q

biotic

A

living things

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47
Q

abiotic

A

non-living things

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48
Q

scientific method

A

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

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49
Q

observations

A

the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information.

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50
Q

questions

A

the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information.

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51
Q

hypothesis

A

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

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52
Q

predictions

A

specific statements that can be directly and unequivocally teste

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53
Q

experiment

A

a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.

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54
Q

conclusion

A

a judgement based on the information obtained

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55
Q

peer review

A

A process by which the procedures and results of an experiment are evaluated by other scientists in the same field or conducting similar research.

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56
Q

sample size

A

The number of subjects used in an experiment or study. Generally, the larger the better.

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57
Q

independent variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

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58
Q

dependent variable

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

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59
Q

standardized variable

A

anything that the investigator holds constant for all subjects in the experiment

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60
Q

control

A

the standard by which the test results can be compared

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61
Q

statistical significance

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

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62
Q

theory

A

well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

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63
Q

periodic table

A

an arrangement of elements in which the elements are separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties

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64
Q

elements

A

A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions.

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65
Q

atom

A

basic unit of matter

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66
Q

sub-atomic particles

A

What atoms are made up of: Protons, electrons and neutrons.

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67
Q

proton

A

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

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68
Q

neutron

A

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

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69
Q

electron

A

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge

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70
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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71
Q

atomic mass number

A

the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

72
Q

isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

73
Q

chemical bonds

A

the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together

74
Q

compound

A

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

75
Q

energy shells

A

The orbital paths of electrons found at varying distances from the nucleus

76
Q

valence shell

A

The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.

77
Q

chemical reaction

A

the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances

78
Q

reactants

A

elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

79
Q

products

A

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

80
Q

non-polar covalent bond

A

equal sharing of electrons

81
Q

polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons

82
Q

ionic bond

A

transfer of electrons

83
Q

electronegativity

A

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

84
Q

ions

A

positively and negatively charged atoms

85
Q

hydrogen bond

A

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

86
Q

cohesion

A

an attraction between molecules of the same substance

87
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between molecules of different substances

88
Q

hydrophilic

A

attracted to water

89
Q

hydrphobic

A

repels water

90
Q

pH scale

A

scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic

91
Q

acid

A

compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; pH 0-6

92
Q

pH

A

hydrogen ion concentration in a substance

93
Q

buffer solutions

A

Consist of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate salt or weak base and its conjugate salt. They resist large fluctuations in pH.

94
Q

base

A

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution; pH 8-14

95
Q

organic molecule

A

A molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems.

96
Q

functional group

A

group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules

97
Q

hydroxyl

A

A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.

98
Q

carboxyl

A

A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

99
Q

amino acid

A

a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group.

100
Q

phosphate

A

a natural mineral containing chemical compounds often used in fertilizers

101
Q

monomers

A

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

102
Q

polymers

A

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

103
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

Chemical reaction in which two molecules are bored together with the removal of a water molecule

104
Q

hydrolysis

A

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

105
Q

carbohydrates

A

the starches and sugars present in foods; broken down to glucose to provide energy

106
Q

monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

107
Q

ribose

A

A five-carbon sugar present in RNA

108
Q

glucose

A

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

109
Q

disaccharide

A

sugars made of two covalently bonded monosaccharides; ex. sucrose

110
Q

polysaccharide

A

a carbohydrate (e.g., starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.

111
Q

proteins

A

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

112
Q

enzymes

A

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

113
Q

r-group

A

a functional group that defines a particular amino acid and gives it special properties.

114
Q

polypeptide

A

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

115
Q

primary structure

A

An original document containing the observations, ideas, and conclusions of an individual. It is a firsthand account presented by someone present or actively participating in the event. Examples include manuscripts, photographs, oral histories, and personal journals.

116
Q

tertiary structure

A

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

117
Q

quanternary structure

A

the three-dimensional arrangement of two or ore polypeptides, or of a polypeptide and a non-protein component such as haem, in a protein molecule.

118
Q

denatured

A

loss of an enzyme’s normal shape so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature

119
Q

nucleic acids

A

macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

120
Q

nucleotides

A

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases

121
Q

nitrogenous base

A

A molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes genetic information in cells.

122
Q

triglycerides

A

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

123
Q

fatty acid

A

an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils

124
Q

glycerol

A

A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.

125
Q

phospholipids

A

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

126
Q

steroids

A

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.

127
Q

saturated

A

being the most concentrated solution possible at a given temperature

128
Q

unsaturated

A

A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of dissolved solute in a concentration.

129
Q

light microscope

A

microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one or more lenses to magnify an object

130
Q

electron microscope

A

a microscope that focuses a beam of electrons to magnify objects

131
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

132
Q

cytoplasm

A

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

133
Q

cell membrane

A

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

134
Q

amphipathic

A

A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

135
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside.

136
Q

semipermeable

A

some substances can pass directly through the cell membrane by passive or active transport

137
Q

flagellum

A

A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.

138
Q

capsule

A

A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.

139
Q

cell wall

A

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

140
Q

animal cell

A

A small living part of a multicellular organism that eats to gain energy and reproduces sexually.

141
Q

plant cell

A

A small living part of a multicellular organism that makes its own food in chloroplast and reproduces sexually or asexually.

142
Q

mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

143
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food

144
Q

chloroplasts

A

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

145
Q

photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants and some other organisms capture the energy in sunlight and use it to make food.

146
Q

nucleus

A

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

147
Q

nucleolus

A

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

148
Q

messanger RNA

A

type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

149
Q

nuclear pore

A

a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

150
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double-membrane layer that surrounds the nucleus

151
Q

endomembrane system

A

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

152
Q

rough ER

A

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

153
Q

vesicles

A

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

154
Q

golgi apparatus

A

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

155
Q

lysosmes

A

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

156
Q

vacuoles

A

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

157
Q

peroxisomes

A

Function in detoxification of alcohol and production of bile in the liver or kidneys

158
Q

cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

159
Q

microfilaments

A

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

160
Q

intermediate filaments

A

Threadlike proteins in the cell’s cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

161
Q

microtubules

A

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

162
Q

cilia

A

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

163
Q

food chain

A

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

164
Q

trophic level

A

each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.

165
Q

primary consumer

A

An organism that eats producers

166
Q

secondary consumer

A

An organism that eats primary consumers

167
Q

tertiary consumer

A

An organism that eats secondary consumers

168
Q

primary producer

A

first producer of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms

169
Q

detritus

A

Dead organic matter

170
Q

food webs

A

A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains

171
Q

energy pyramids

A

A diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web

172
Q

gross primary production

A

The total primary production of an ecosystem.

173
Q

biomagnification

A

accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain

174
Q

biogeochemical cycles

A

process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another

175
Q

reservoirs

A

a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.

Bio Exams (3 decks)

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