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Bio Exams > Terms E-2 > Flashcards

Terms E-2 Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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2
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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3
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy an object has due to its motion

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4
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object

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5
Q

metabolism

A

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

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6
Q

ATP

A

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

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7
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

ATP is converted to ADP & phosphate energized myosin heads (removal of phosphate) need energy

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8
Q

coupled reactions

A

pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound

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9
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes

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10
Q

entropy

A

a measure of the disorder of a system

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11
Q

low entropy

A

well organized system such as a crystalline structure

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12
Q

high entropy

A

highly disordered system, the absence of a regular, repeating pattern

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13
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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14
Q

solution

A

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

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15
Q

solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

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16
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in the concentration of molecules across a distance

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17
Q

passive transport

A

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

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18
Q

osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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19
Q

isotonic

A

Having the same solute concentration as another solution.

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20
Q

hypotonic

A

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

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21
Q

hypertonic

A

(of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

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22
Q

active transport

A

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

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23
Q

sodium-potassium pumps

A

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

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24
Q

photosynthesis

A

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy

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25
waves
emitted energy from the sun
26
photons
packets of solar energy
27
Chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
28
chlorophyll a
main photosynthetic pigment in plants
29
thylakoids
stacks of membrane in chloroplast
30
stroma
fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids
31
outer membrane
forms a boundary between mitochondrion and cytoplasm; helps define the inner membrane space
32
inner membrane
The membrane of the mitochondria that is the site of electron transport and chemiosmosis.
33
light reaction
light energy is captured and converted to chemical energy; begin photosynthesis
34
carbon reaction
energy is used to produce sugar
35
NADPH
electron carrier that provides high-energy electrons for photosynthesis
36
Redox reactions
a series of chemical reactions in photosynthesis
37
oxidation
removal of electrons from a substance (usually removal of hydrogen atom with an electron & addition of oxygen atoms)
38
reduction
addition of electrons from a substance (usually addition of hydrogen atom with an electron & removal of oxygen atoms)
39
electron transport train
a series of membrane proteins participating in sequential, linked oxidation-reduction reactions.
40
photosystem
a large protein structure in the thylakoid membrane that contains pigments like chloroplast.
41
proton (H+) gradient
The product of the electron transport chain. A higher concentration of protons outside the inner membrane of the mitochondria than inside the membrane is the driving force behind ATP synthesis.
42
ATP synthase
H + from the electron transport chain pass through an enzyme
43
NADP+
carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules
44
mesophyll cells
cells that contain many chloroplasts and host the majority of photosynthesis
45
stomata
Gas exchange occurs at leaf pores
46
enzyme
a protein that acts as a catalyst. It speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed
47
substrate
What the enzyme acts on
48
product
Molecules present at the end of the reaction
49
active site
The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.
50
Calvin cycle
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars
51
rubisco
first reaction in the cycle is catalyzed by an enzyme
52
carbon fixation
Carbon is removed from molecules of CO2
53
RuBP
ribulose biphosphate; a five-carbon carbohydrate that combines with CO2 to form two molecules of PGA in the first step of the Calvin Cylce
54
PGAL synthesis
-ATP and NADPH from light reactions are cashed in -PGA is converted to PGAL
55
PGAL
glyceraldehyde phosphate; a three-carbon molecule formed in the second step of the Calvin cycle that can leave the cycle and be used to make other organic compounds
56
regeneration of RuBP
10 G3P converted into 6 RuBP using 6 ATP
57
cellular respiration
process that makes ATP
58
electron carriers
NAD+ NADH FAD FADH2
59
NAD+
electron carrier involved in glycolysis
60
NADH
electron carrier involved in glycolysis
61
Glycolysis
glucose is split in half into 2 pyruvate
62
Krebs cycle
pyruvate is produced then oxidized into CO2
63
electron transport chain
energy from reduced electron carriers (NADH FADH2) is used to form ATP
64
electron acceptor
oxygen
65
aerobic
oxygen-rich
66
anaerobic
oxygen-free
67
pyruvate
3-carbon molecule split from glucose
68
energy investment
oxidation of glucose into fructose 1,6 - biphosphate
69
energy harvest
reduction of 2 PGAL molecules into 2 pyruvate molecules
70
fermentation
allows glycolysis to continue even in low oxygen environments
71
anaerobic cellular resperation
produces ATP without oxygen
72
alcoholic fermentation
converts pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol
73
ethonal
poison produced from pyruvate
74
lactic acid fermentation
converts pyruvate into lactic acid
75
lactic acid
product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells
76
mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
77
intermembrane compartment
the fluid-filled space between the inner and outer membranes of a mitochondrion
78
matrix
Innermost compartment of the mitochondrion
79
transition step
series of reactions in which pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA and CO2; occurs in mitochondrial matrix; produces NADH
80
acetyl CoA
An important metabolic intermediate that links glycolysis and beta-oxidation to the citric acid cycle; can also be converted into ketone bodies

Bio Exams (3 decks)

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