(Terms) Lab Quiz 3 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
Groups of similar cells which preform a common function
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Tissues
2
Q
Four basic tissue types:
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Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
3
Q
A tissue which covers the body, lines body cavities and forms glands
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Epithelial Tissue
4
Q
A tissue which binds and supports various organs
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Connective Tissue
5
Q
A contractile tissue
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Muscle Tissue
6
Q
A tissue which initiates and conducts electrochemical impusles
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Nervous Tissue
7
Q
The study of tissues
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Histology
8
Q
3 primary germ layers in the embryo
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Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
9
Q
An outer layer that gives rise to the outermost layer of skin and nervous system
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Ectoderm
10
Q
Inner layer, gives rise to the mucous membranes of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts as well as digestive glands
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Endoderm
11
Q
(Middle layer) gives rise to a gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme which in turn gives rise to muscle, blood vessels and all connective tissues
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Mesoderm
12
Q
Consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets in a single layer or multiple layers. Covers surfaces, lines body cavities and forms glands.
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Epithelium
13
Q
(Free) surface which faces the external body surface, a body cavity
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Apical
14
Q
Opposite of the appical
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Basal
15
Q
If the cell is found in a single layer it is found in the deepest layer, the basal sits on the:
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Basal Lamina
16
Q
Below the basal lamina is the reticular lamina, a fine network of collagen fibers produced by cells in the connective tissues. Together the two tissues form the:
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Basement Membrane
17
Q
Consists of a single layer of cells, all of which are in contact with the basement membrane
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Simple Epithelium
18
Q
Consists of several layers, superimposed one upon the other, with only the basal cells in contact with the basement membrane
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Stratified Epithelium
19
Q
A single layer of flattened cells
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Simple squamous epithelium
20
Q
Single layer of boxed-shaped cells
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
21
Q
Cells that are rectangular-shaped in cross section
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Simple columnar epithelium
22
Q
Consists of a single layer of columnar cells of varying shapes and heights. Only the tallest cells in this epithelium reach the free surface, the nuclei are staggered at various levels. All the cells in this epithelium contact the basement membrane, the impression of a stratified epithelium is a false one.
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Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
23
Q
The most common stratified epithelia in the human body. Composed of several layers of cells, although the number of cells and the thickness of the epithelium vary in different parts of the body. The cells that contact the basement membrane are usually cuboidal in shape and undergo constant mitosis. Can be keratinized or nonkeratinized.
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Stratified squamous epithelia
24
Q
Found in the moist linings of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vagina and anus.
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Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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Type of epithelium where the cells near the free surface produce a tough resilient protein called keratin
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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The thickness of the epithelium changes as it is subject to pressure. Dome shaped cuboidal cells.
Transitional epithelium
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Glands that release their fluid products by exocytosis.
Merocrine (eccrine) glands
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Glands that pinch off a portion of the cell as part of the secretion.
Apocrine glands
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When whole cells filled with secretion are released.
Holocrine glands.
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The most wide-ranging and abundant type of tissue in the human body.
Connective tissue
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All connective tissues have 3 structural features in common:
Cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
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The fibers and the ground substance together form the ______ ______ of connective tissues.
Extracellular matrix
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Cartilage is:
Avascular
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Have poor blood supply
Dense connective tissue
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Except for cartilage, connective tissues, like epithelia, are supplied with:
Nerves
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Supporting connective tissues:
Cartilage, bone
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4 types of connective tissues:
Areolar (loose) connective tissue, Adipose connective tissue, Reticular connective tissue, Dense connective tissue
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Cell names ending in "____" are immature cells that secrete matrix and are actively mitotic
-blasts
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Are present in connective tissue and produce and secrete the matrix components
Fibroblasts
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Are present in cartilage and produce and secrete the matrix components
Chondroblasts
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Are present in bone and produce and secrete the matrix components
Osteoblasts
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Cell names ending in "____" are mature cells involved in maintaining the matrix and are less active
-cytes
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The fibers of connective tissues are of three types:
Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
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The most widespread connective tissue in the human body
Areolar connective tissue
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Fibers of this connective tissue are not arranged into a particular pattern, but run in all directions and form a loose network within the ground substance
Areolar connective tissue
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The predominant fiber type in Areolar connective tissue. Constructed of the tough fibrous protein collagen and provide high tensile strength to the matrix. Usually appear as broad pink bands in the slide.
Collagen fibers
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Appear as thin dark lines. Contain the rubber like protein elastin that allows them to stretch and recoil.
Elastic fibers.
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An actively mitotic cell that secretes the group substance and fibers
Fibroblast
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Type of cell that has a coarse, dark-staining granules in the cytoplasm. Secrete heparin, a chemical that inhibits blood clotting, and histamine, a chemical that increase blood flow by dilating blood vessels.
Mast cell
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Large irregularly shaped phagocytic cells that arise from monocytes (type of white blood cell) and wander through connective tissue where they engulf and destroy bacteria, foreign particles and dead or dying body cells.
Macrophages
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A fiber that is predominant in reticular connective tissue. Short, thin, branched network of collagen-like fibers.
Reticular fiber
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Characterized by large, internal lipid droplet. May appear singly but are more often present in groups.
Adipose cells (or adipocytes)
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When adipose cells accumulate in large numbers, they become the predominant cell type and form:
Adipose tissue / fat
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Function: diffusion of gasses O2 and CO2 (respiratory gasses)
Present in organs where diffusion occurs
Simple squamous epithelium
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Function: secretion and absorption
Simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium
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Function: secretion and protection
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Function: Protects areas of the body against mechanical stress
“Wear and tear”
Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia
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Function: Protects areas of the body against mechanical stress
Keratin protects the epithelium and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia
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Function: Allows urinary organs to accommodate the pressure changes associated with urine volume without rupturing the organ
Transitional Epithelium
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Function: Secretion
Goblet cell
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Function: Attach skin to underlying tissue, fill the place between various organs & hold them in place
Surrounds & supports blood vessels
Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue
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Function: Forms the internal framework of organs
| Closely related to blood vessels and nerve
Reticular Connective Tissue
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Function: Storage site for lipids
Pads & protects regions of the body (shock absorber)
Insulation (regulate body temperature)
Adipose Connective Tissue
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There are two types of dense connective tissue:
Regular and irregular
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Function: Resist pulling forces in a single direction
| Fibers are organized into a parallel pattern
Dense regular connective tissue
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Function: Resist pulling forces in several directions
| Collagen fibers are thicker and run in several directions
Dense irregular connective tissue
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A tendon is a structure that attaches muscle to bone and is composed of:
Dense regular connective tissue
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Closely related to the dense connective tissues
Cartilage
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Also composed of cells, fibers, and ground substance
Cartilage
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Three types of cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage
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Most types of cartilage are surrounded by a layer of dense connective tissue known as:
Perichondrium
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The inner layer of the perichondrium is a region of transition where the collagen fibers merge with the ground substance and it is in this region that the ________ are formed.
Chondroblasts
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Produce a new matrix in cartilage
Chondroblasts
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The mature cartilage cells are called ____ and are found in spaces (or lacunae) deeper in the matrix.
Chondrocytes
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The most common type of cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage
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Similar to hyaline cartilage but the matrix is characterized by an abundance of elastic fibers.
Elastic cartilage
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Less organized than other cartilage types and lacks a perichondrium.
Fibrocartilage
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Two basic types of bone:
Spongy (or cancellous) bone and compact bone
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Compact bone is composed of a solid sheet of bone tissue organized into structural units called:
Osteons or Haversian systems
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An osteon consists of a concentric ring of bone called:
Lamalle
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Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
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Osteocytes are found in space (_____) between lamalle
Lacunae
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Bone is a highly ______ tissue.
Vascular
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A connective tissue layer surrounding the bone.
Periosteum
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Connect to the central canals that run longitudinally through the bone.
Perforating (Volkmann) canals
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Blood vessels located in the periosteum ____ compact bone through transverse perforating (Volkmann) canals .
Penetrate
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Network of small canals that radiate from each lacunae.
Canaliculi
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The matrix of the bone is hard and rigid due to the presence of inorganic mineral salts (mostly _____ and _____).
Calcium; Phosphates
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___ removes the inorganic salts from the bone which causes the bone to become soft.
Acid
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_____ the bones removes the organic constitutes, which causes the bone to become brittle.
Baking
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Function: Support with some flexibility.
| Forms most of the embryonic skeleton.
Hyaline Cartilage
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Function: Provides strength, and elasticity, and maintains the shape of certain structure
Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue
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Function: Provides strong support and can withstand heavy pressure.
Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue
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Function: Provides support and protection for parts of the body.
Provides cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells.
Serves as a storehouse for the minerals, calcium and phosphorus required for various functions carried out by the body.
Compact bone
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Function: Provides support and protection for parts of the body.
Provides cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells.
Serves as a storehouse for the minerals, calcium and phosphorus required for various functions carried out by the body.
Filled with bone marrow.
Spongy bone
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Muscle cells are also called:
Muscle fibers
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Have an elongated shape:
Muscle fibers
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The cytoplasm of the muscle cell:
Sarcoplasm
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The cell membrane of the muscle cell:
Sarcolemma
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3 types of muscle tissue found in the human body:
Skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue
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Obvious transverse bands:
Stirations
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Skeletal muscle tissue is located within:
Skeletal muscles
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Cardiac muscle tissue is characterized by cells that branch in an irregular pattern and cells join end-to-end by special regions called:
Intercalated discs
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There are two major divisions of the nervous system:
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
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Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
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(System) All nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
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The structural and functional units of nervous tissue
Neurons
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The largest and most prominent cells of nervous tissue
Neurons
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Typical neuron includes:
Cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon
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Aggregations of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nissl bodies
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Important elements of cytoskeleton
Neurfibrils
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Fatty sheath that may cover an axon
Myelin
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Small gaps in the myelin sheath are called:
Nodes of Ranvier
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Nodes of Ranvier enable the nerve impulses to jump from node to node, _____ the speed at which an impulse travels.
Increasing
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Fine branched endings of the axon
Telodendrites (axon terminals)
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Two distinct areas observed in nervous tissue:
Grey matter and white matter
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Outside the nervous system, neuron cell bodies are clustered within structures known as:
Ganglia
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Line body cavities that open to the exterior such as those of the hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary tracts.
Mucous membranes
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Located in:
Lung (pink)
Capillary walls
Lymphatic vessels
Kidney
Liver
Heart
Blood vessels
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Located in:
Thyroid gland
Kidney tubules
Ducts of many glands
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Located in:
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Ducts of various glands
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Located in:
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Ducts of various glands
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Located in:
Respiratory tract
Nasal cavities
Trachea
Bronchi
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Located in:
Most linings of mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Vagina
Anus
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Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia
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Located in:
| Surface of the skin
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia
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Located in:
Urinary bladder
Ureters (tubes that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder)
Upper portion of urethra
Transitional Epithelium
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Located in:
Exocrine glands
Found beneath the covering epithelium as single or cluster of cells
Sweat glands
Mammary glands
Sebaceous glands
Pancreatic glands
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Goblet cell Epithelium Glandular
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Located in:
| Between various glands
Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue
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Located in:
Spleen
Liver
Bone marrow
Lymph nodes
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Reticular Connective Tissue
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Located in:
Under the skin
Around kidneys, heart, and eyeballs
Within the abdomen and breasts
Adipose Connective Tissue
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Located in:
Ligaments (which link bone to bone at joints)
Tendons (connections between bones or cartilage and muscle)
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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Located in:
Skin Dermis
Forms fibrous coverings around organs (kidney, muscles, bones and nerves)
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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Located in:
| Articular surfaces of bones, the ends of the ribs and as part of the nasal septum, larynx, trachea and bronchi
Hyaline Cartilage
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Located in:
External ear (the pinna)
The epiglottis
Wall of auditory (eustachian) tube
Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue
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Located in:
Pads
Vertebral discs between the individual vertebrae
Knee menisci between the tibia and femur
Pubic symphysis (joint between the pubic bones of the pelvis)
Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue
136
Located in:
Throughout the body.
External layer of the bone and is thickest along the length of the bone
Bone Connective Tissue - Compact Bone
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Located in:
Throughout the body.
Internal part of the bone generally at the expanded ends of a bone.
Bone Connective Tissue - Spongy Bone
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Located in:
| Attached to the bone
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Located in:
Within the walls of hollow organs
- Blood vessels
- Digestive organs
- Urinary tract
- Respiratory tract
- Reproductive Tract
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Located in:
| The walls of the heart
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Located in:
| Spinal cord
Spinal Cord Ganglion
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Located in:
| Hair covered areas of the skin
Hair Follicle and Sebaceous Glands
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Located in:
| Upper dermis, project into epidermis
Meissner's Corpuscle
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Located in:
| In the dermis
Pacinian Corpuscle
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Function:
| Contraction moves the skeleton
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Function:
Contraction moves materials along internal passageways and regulates the diameter of blood vessels and respiratory tracts
Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Function:
| Contraction circulates the blood throughout the body
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Function:
| Relay the sensory nerve impulses from the periphery to the peripheral nervous system.
Spinal Cord Ganglion
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Function:
| Send & receive sensory information
Spinal Cord & Neuron Smear
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Function:
Secrete sebum
Hair growth
Hair Follicle and Sebaceous Glands
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Function:
| Light touch sensor
Meissner's Corpuscle
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Function:
| Deep pressure sensor
Pacinian Corpuscle
