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Lab for Anatomy & Physiology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Includes the brain and spinal cord occupying the dorsal body cavity

A

Central Nervous System

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2
Q

Consists mainly of the nerves which extend from the brain and spinal cord, the cranial and spinal nerves (everything BUT the brain and spinal cord)

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

Three basic function of nervous system:

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Integrative
  3. Motor
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4
Q

Detect internal and external stimuli, carried to the brain and spinal cord through cranial and spinal nerves

A

Sensory Receptors

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5
Q

Initiated by activating effector organs (muscles and glands) through cranial and spinal nerves

A

Motor Response

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6
Q

The brain and spinal cord process, integrate and coordinate this incoming sensory information to formulate an appropriate response

A

Integration

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7
Q

CNS protective structures:

A
  1. Bony outer covering (the skull and vertebral column)
  2. Three layers of meninges
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid
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8
Q

Immovable joints

A

Sutures

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9
Q

All the bones of the adult skull, except the mandible (lower jaw) are joined by immovable joints called _____

A

Sutures

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10
Q

The external surface of the cerebrum is divided up into various regions or ____

A

Lobes

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11
Q

These lobes are named after the skull which overlie the ____

A

Brain

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12
Q

Frontal bone is paired with _____ lobe

A

Frontal

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13
Q

Small holes in skull, through which many of the cranial nerves exit the outer surface of the head and body

A

Foramina

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14
Q

The skull has one large hole at its base, the _____ _____, through which the spinal cord passes as it enters the vertebral column

A

Foramen magnum

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15
Q

Each vertebra has a large hole, the ____ ____, through which the spinal cord passes

A

Vertebral foramen

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16
Q

The surface of the brain and the entire surface of the spinal cord are covered by three layers of connective tissues called:

A

Meninges (singular: Meninx)

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17
Q

The outermost meninx, strong membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue

A

Dura mater

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18
Q

Dura mater surrounding the brain is actually composed of _ layers

A

2

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19
Q

The outermost layer of dura mater, closely attached to the inner surface of the bones of the skull, called:

A

Periosteal dura mater

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20
Q

The innermost layer of dura mater, forms the actual external covering over the brain, called:

A

Meningeal dura mater

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21
Q

Space between the wall of the bony vertebral foramen and the spinal dura mater, filed with fatty tissue cushioning

A

Epidural space

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22
Q

The middle layer of the meninges. Separated from the dura mater by a narrow subdural space which contains a film of serous fluid.
Filmy, cobweb like material with spider-like extensions

A

Arachnoid mater

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23
Q

Beneath the arachnoid mater is a wide separation called ________ _____. This space contains cerebrospinal fluid and also the largest blood vessels serving the brain.

A

Subarachnoid space

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24
Q

The innermost meninx is very delicate, highly vascularized membrane composed of areolar connective tissue.
Adheres closely to the surface contours of the brain and spinal cord and dips deeply into the grooves.
Not able to separate this meninx from the brain and spinal cord.

A

Pia mater

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25
Cerebrospinal fluid is continually produced by capillaries in the ____ ____ found in the roof of each ventricle
Choroid plexuses
26
CSF is absorbed by the ________ _____ which are knobby projections of the arachnoid mater, to enter the venous blood in the dural sinuses
Arachnoid villi
27
The _____ _____ forms an arch above the lateral ventricles
Corpus callosum
28
Two large cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Lateral ventricles
29
Each hemisphere contains a lateral ventricle and they are numbered _ and _
1; 2
30
Can be seen as a shallow depression surround the thalamus
Third ventricle
31
An oval mass beneath the lateral ventricle
Thalamus
32
The cerebral ______ travels through the midbrain region | The structure within the brainstem that connects the third ventricle to the fourth
Aqueduct
33
A triangular space between the pons and the cerebellum, is continuous with the central canal
Fourth ventricle
34
The cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs through the spinal cord
Central canal
35
The largest portion of the brain and its surface is highly convoluted
Cerebrum (seh-REE-brum)
36
Elevated fold or ridges of cerebrum
Gyri (singular Gyrus)
37
Depressed regions or grooves
Sucli (singular sulcus)
38
Deeper grooves
Fissures
39
Separates the cerebrum right and left hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
40
The cerebrum is separated into right and left ______ _______
Cerebral hemispheres
41
Large, convoluted, has an outer cortex made up of grey matter and an inner region of white mater Concerned with involuntary coordination of skeletal muscle activity and the control of balance and equilibrium
Cerebellum
42
Lies inferior to the cerebrum
Midbrain
43
Appear as four rounded prominences on the dorsal midbrain surface
Corpora quadrigemina
44
The ____ pair of corpora quadrigemina are visual reflex centers that coordinate head and eye movements when viewing a moving object
Superior
45
The ____ pair of corpora quadrigemina are involved in in the pathway of sound from the hearing receptors of the ear to the sensory cortex and also turning of the head towards sound in startle reflex
Inferior
46
Arises from the midbrain area
Oculomotor nerve
47
The midbrain fiber tracts serve to connect the _____ (means "bridge") with the cerebrum. Lies inferior to the midbrain. Contains fibers that connect parts of the cerebellum and the medulla with the cerebrum
Pons
48
Contains many vital autonomic centers involved in the control of heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure
Medulla oblongata
49
Two longitudinal ridges on the ventral surface of the medulla Crossover point for the major motor tract descending from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
Pyramids
50
Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Central sulcus
51
Separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
Lateral sulcus
52
Most posterior lobe
Occipital lobe
53
The fifth lobe deep within the later sulcus and is not visible unless part of the other lobes are removed
Insula
54
The central sulcus separates the ____ ____ of the parietal lobe
Postcentral gyrus
55
The central sulcus separates the ____ ____ of the frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus
56
Important relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
57
May be found directly beneath the thalamus. It forms the floor and part of the inferior wall of the third ventricle
Hypothalamus
58
The thalamus and hypothalamus are part of a region of the brain known as:
Diencephalon
59
The pituitary gland and the _____ _____ (cranial nerve II) mark the region of the hypothalamus in the ventral view of the brain
Optic chaisma
60
Involved in in many vital processes such as regulating body temperature, water balance, appetite, and emotions such as fear and rage. Also regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
61
Treelike branching of the white matter
Abor vitae (or "tree of life")
62
Nerve to elevate the shoulder
XII. Hypoglossal
63
Nerves to read a book:
II. Optic III. Occulomotor IV. Trochlear VI. Abducens
64
Nerve to smell perfume
I. Olfactory
65
Nerve to feel a toothache in upper jaw
V. Trigerminal | b) Maxillary
66
Nerve to smile
VII. Facial | Motor
67
Nerve to listen to the radio
VIII. Vestibulocochlear | a) Choclear
68
Nerve to "stick out" tongue
XII. Hypoglossal
69
Nerve to decrease in rate of heart beat
X. Vagus
70
Nerve to chew gum
V. Trigeminal | c) Mandibular
71
Nerve for motion sickness
VIII. Vestibulocochlear | b) Vestibular
72
Carries impulses associated with sense of smell
I. Olfactory
73
Superficial origin: from nasal mucosa to olfactory bulb
I. Olfactory
74
Sensory - Carries impulses associated with vision
II. Optic
75
Superficial origin: from retina to optic chiasma
II. Optic
76
Motor - (1) Controls 4/6 extrinsic eye muscles which move the eye (superior, medial and inferior rectus, and inferior oblique) (2) Controls the ciliary muscle which varies the shape of lens which changes in distance (3) Controls circular smooth muscle of iris to constrict pupil of the eye
III. Oculomotor
77
Superficial origin: midbrain
III. Oculomotor | VI. Trochlear
78
Motor - Controls ⅙ extrinsic eye muscles which move the eye (superior oblique)
VI. Trochlear
79
V. Trigeminal (3 branches)
a) Ophthalmic b) Maxillary c) Mandibular
80
Sensory - Pain, touch and temperature from nasal mucous membrane, facial skin and cornea
V. Trigeminal | a) Ophthalmic
81
Sensory - Pain, touch and temperature from facial skin, mouth, upper teeth
V. Trigeminal | b) Maxillary
82
Sensory - Pain, touch and temperature from skin of chin, lower teeth and anterior 2/3 of tongue Motor - Muscles of mastication (chewing)
V. Trigeminal | c) Mandibular
83
Superficial origin: pons
V. Trigeminal VI. Abducens VII. Facial
84
Motor - Controls 1/6 extrinsic eye muscles which move the eye (lateral rectus)
VI. Abducens
85
Sensory - Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue | Motor - To muscles of face, ears and scalp responsible for facial expressions. Secretion of saliva and tears
VII. Facial
86
VIII. Vestibulocochlear (2 branches)
a) Cochlear | b) Vestibular
87
Sensory - Carries impulses associated with sense of hearing
VIII. Vestibulocochlear | a) Cochlear
88
Sensory - Registers the movement of the body through space and the position of the head. Communication with cerebellum to maintain body equilibrium and coordination of muscle function
VIII. Vestibulocochlear | b) Vestibular
89
Superficial location: groove between pons and medulla oblongata
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
90
Motor - To muscles of pharynx and base of tongue; also stimulates secretion of the parotid salivary gland Sensory - Touch, temperature and pain from pharynx; taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
IX. Glossopharyngeal
91
Motor - To muscles of the larynx for swallowing. To smooth muscle of the digestive tract (from esophagus to large intestine) to increase motility and in airways to bronchoconstrict. To glands of the digestive tract. To cardiac muscles to slow heart rate. Sensory - From baroreceptors and chemoreceptors and mucous membranes of larynx, trachea, lungs, esophagus, stomach, gall bladder and intestines; taste from epiglottis
X. Vagus
92
Motor - To muscles of pharynx, larynx, and soft palate and trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. Swallowing and movement of the head and shoulders.
XI. Spinal Accessory
93
Motor - To muscles of tongue. Movement of tongue during speech and swallowing.
XII. Hypoglossal
94
Superficial location: medulla oblongata
IX. Glossopharyngeal X. Vagus XII. Hypoglossal
95
Superficial location: medulla oblongata & spinal cord
XI. Spinal Accessory

Lab for Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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