Test 1 Flashcards
this is the flashcards I have made for the first test of Dr.Shnek's pbio 3080 class. This is not made by Dr.Shnek, this is made by a student in his class to study, and not an A+ student at that, it did work a bit on the first test though.
1
Q
The division of the apical meristem into two independently functioning axes.
A
Dichotomous branching
2
Q
Ginkophyta and what derive from the same common ancestor?
A
Cyadophyta
3
Q
Coniferophyta and what derive from the same common ancestor?
A
Gnetophyta
4
Q
Angiosperms and what derive from the same common ancestor?
A
Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkophyta, Cyadophyta.
5
Q
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Eudicots?
A
8
6
Q
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Austrobaileyales?
A
3
7
Q
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Magnoliids?
A
5
8
Q
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Monocots?
A
6
9
Q
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Nymphales?
A
2
10
Q
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Amborellales
A
1
11
Q
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Chloranthales?
A
4
12
Q
In the angiosperm phylogeny tree in what position are Ceratophyllales?
A
7
13
Q
What are the two major groups of Eudicots?
A
Rosids and Asterids
14
Q
what are the three basic organs of spermatophytes?
A
Roots, Shoots, Leaves.
15
Q
What is a vascular plant that does not produce wood called?
A
Herb
16
Q
What is another name for Herbs?
A
Forbs
17
Q
What are herbaceous trailing or climbing plants called?
A
Vines
18
Q
What are WOODY climbing or trailing plants called?
A
Liana’s
19
Q
What is a woody plant that has no distinct main axis or has branches persisting on its main axis to its base called?
A
a SHRUB
20
Q
What is a woody plant that is at least 5 feet high that has branching above the main axis?
A
a TREE
21
Q
What is a plant that is lacking clearly defined roots and shoots?
A
A thalloid.
22
Q
What are the three body types of bryophytes?
A
Mosses, Hornworts, liverworts.
23
Q
The Leaf-like structure of a fern is called what?
A
a frond
24
Q
what structure on a fern contains the spores?
A
Sori
25
Name three or more innovations plants had to make in their transition to land.v
Alteration of generations, 3 dimensional tissues, Waxy cuticle, Rhizoids, Relationship with myccorhizal fungi, Multicellular gametangia. Sporangia with a sterile jacket, spores with sporopollenin, stomata.
26
What is the cell theory?
The cell is the basic unit of biological structure and function.
27
what are the three functions of the plasma membrane?
Transports substances in and out of the cell, coordinates synthesis and assembly of cellulose, transduces hormonal and environmental signals.
28
What is a TEM microscope?
a Transmitted Electron Microscope.
29
How many layers does the secondary cell wall contain?
3
30
Name 2 plastids
Etioplast, Chromoplast, Chloroplast, Leucoplast, Amyloplast, Elaioplast, Proteinoplast.
31
The four main shapes that chloroplasts are found in are
Cup, star, ribon, oval
32
Leucoplasts are,
a storage plastid for carbohydrates and fatty acids.
33
what is a single membrane organelle that can have multiple vacuoles?
a tonoplast
34
What is an inter-cellular space?
an non-organelle occupied space in the cell.
35
What are the 3 general tissue types found in vascular plants.
Ground, Dermal, Vascular
36
What general cell type is living at maturity and has a thin cell wall?
Parenchyma
37
What cell is living at maturity and has a thick cell wall?
Collenchyma
38
What cell is dead at maturity and has a thick cell wall?
Sclerenchyma
39
What tissue type is composed of only one type of tissue cell in it's entirety?
Simple tissues
40
What tissue type contains multiple types of tissues within it?
Complex tissues
41
Name 3 functions of parenchyma cells
Synthesis, Storage, Transport, Boundry, Meristematic, Secretory, Protection, photosynthesis
42
What pair of cells controls the opening and closing of stomatal pores?
The Gaurd cell's
43
T/F, Parenchyma can only have one function at a time.
False
44
What is the main function of collenchyma cells?
Photosynthesis
45
From what cell is collenchyma derived?
Parenchyma
46
T/F, Red Algae had a pseudo parenchyma
True
47
What cell tissue type has chambers within it to store gas and is used as a flotation device?
Aerenchyma
48
What tissue cell type is the main component of cell walls?
Collenchyma
49
Why are collenchyma cells typically longer than parenchyma cells?
To be used as a flexible support in the plant.
50
T/F Collenchyma have lignin
False, Collenchyma need to be flexible in order to preserve structure.
51
What are the four types of collenchyma in plants?
Angular, Annular, Lemellar, Lacunar
52
What Type of Collenchyma has the largest cell wall at the corners of each cell?
Angular
53
What type of Collenchyma looks like bricks in a wall?
Lamellar
54
What type of Collenchyma have generally thick cell walls.
Annular
55
What type of collenchyma looks like it is stacked on top of each other?
Lacunar
56
What places in a plant are collenchyma cells commonly found?
Leaves and Stems
57
T/F Collenchyma cells can remove the cell wall thickening to increase growth?
True
58
T/F Sclerenchyma have a lignified secondary cell wall
True
59
Name one type of sclerenchyma cell
Fibers, Sclerids, Tracheary elements.
60
What are the two types of fiber cells found in and near the xylem?
Xylery and Extraxylery
61
What types of fibers undergo cellular division after the creation of the secondary cell wall?
Septate Fibers
62
What sclerenchyma fibers are hydroscopic?
Gelatinous Fibers
63
What type of sclerenchyma is a short cell with angular shapes?
Sclerids
64
What is a lumen?
space bounded by the plant cell wall
65
Name 2 of the six sclereid types
Brachysclereids, Macrosclereids, Osterosclereids, Astrosclereids, Trichosclereids, Filiform Sclereids
66
What are the 3 main functions of sclereids?
Transportation, Support, Protection
67
What type of Sclereid, is found in seed coats and is elongated?
Macrosclereids
68
What type of Slclereid is star-shaped?
Asterosclereids
69
What type of sclereids are isodiametric and somewhat elongated and found in most parts of the plant?
Brachysclereids
70
what type of sclereid is elongated and fiber-like?
Filiform Sclereids
71
What type of sclereid is thin-walled and hair-like?
Trichosclereid
72
what two processes control the movement of water through a land plant?
Evaporation, and root pressure
73
T/F Xylem but not Phloem are associated with secondary growth
False, Both are associated with secondary growth
74
Primary Xylem is produced in what kind of growth in what part of the plant?
Primary, apical meristem
75
This structure produces both xylem and phloem
The procambium
76
What three cell types are found in xylem?
Tracheary elements, Fibers, Parenchyma
77
What do Tracheids lack?
Perforations
78
What do vessel elements have that tracheids do not?
Perforations
79
What are the conducting cells of the xylem?
Tracheary elements
80
Name one of the types of thickening in xylem
Annular, Spiral, Sclariform, Reticulate, Pitted (simple), Pitted (bordered)
81
What do the pit membrane and the taurus do to help the cell?
These structures block the inflow of water and allow the outflow
82
What is the area that surrounds the taurus called?
The Margo
83
Are pits found in all tracheary elements in the xylem?
Yes
84
what are the 3 thickening functions?
Waterflow, Prevent Embolism, Prevent Implosion
85
what are the names of the four thickening types in tracheary elements?
Angular, Helical, Scleriform, Pitted
86
What parts of a growing tracheary element are not in a fully grown tracheary element?v
The Tonoplast, Primary Wall, and nucleus
87
Name a difference of a treacheary element and a vessel element?
The Vessel element has perforations and Lacks both a primary and secondary cell wall
88
Name the defining characteristic of a simple perforation plate
it has a single opening
89
Name the defining characteristic of a sclariform plate
ladder-like
90
Name the defining characteristic of a foraminate perforation plate
Circular openings
91
Name the defining characteristic of a Reticulate Perforation plate
it is net-like
92
What is hydraulic connectivity?
A measure of the water of movement through a material
93
What are the four types of fibers?
Libriform Fibers, Trachead Fibers, Septate Fibers, Gelatinous Fibers
94
What are the outgrowths in contact cells in vessels called?
Tyloses
95
Is protoxylem or metaxylem the closest to the cell wall?
Metaxylem
96
Tracheids evolved into what
Vessel elements and Fibers
97
What are the 3 main stele types?
Protostele, Eustele, Siphonostele
98
T/F a protostele has a pith
False
99
There are two different types of siphonostele's what is the differentiation between them?
The presence of leaf gaps
100
A Eustele is defined by what?
Stem bundles
101
Roots are closest to what other organ in the plant?
the stem
102
Xylem and Phloem make up what in plants?
The Vascular system
103
What is the MAIN function of phloem?
The transportation of photosynthates
104
phloem is called what because information travels along it?
the information super-highway
105
Xylem on the ____ and Phloem is on the ____.
Outside, Inside
106
Phloem is produced by what growth type in the apical meristems?
Primary
107
What is the name of the cell that is attached to the Sieve-tube elements?
A Companion Cell
108
What structure helps prevent the loss of photosynthates when the phloem is damaged?
Sieve Plates
109
Sieve Tube member's have what structure to connect them to their companion cells?
A Branched Plasmodesmata
110
What is the cell that is similar to a companion cell that attaches to sieve cells?
An Albuminous Cell
111
What are the 5 main functions of roots?
Anchorage, Absorption, Hormone Production, Storage, and Symbiotic Tissues
112
What is the function of the excreted Mucigel Shiethe generated by the root?
lubricant, absorption,
interaction of media with microbes
113
What cell's excrete the Mucigel Shieth?
Border Cells
114
What are the 3 main regions of a root's structure?
Region of maturation, Region of elongation, and the apical meristem.
115
T/F, Vessel elements in roots are the Widest in the plant.
True
116
What are Root Spurs?
Endogenous meristematic regions that rapidly elongate when water becomes available
117
The Root system Does/Does not have to be connected to the vascular system of a plant.
Does
118
T/F Roots are an example of convergent evolution?
True
