Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what is closed root maturation
A
all 3 regions arise from the same initials
2
Q
what is primary growth?
A
the upward growth of a plant though the apical meristem
3
Q
what is lateral growth?
A
the outward growth of plants through the vascular cambium.
4
Q
what is a cambium?
A
a tissue that does outward growth.
5
Q
what is the vascular cambium?
A
the meristimatic tissue that gives rise to xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside.
6
Q
what tissues are in the periderm?
A
cork, cork cambium
7
Q
What are the Functions of stems?
A
8
Q
The leaf trace gap is below what structure in a stem?
A
The Bud Primordium
9
Q
What line of cells in a stem run from the Bud primordial through the leaf?
A
The Leaf Trace
10
Q
What are Auxiliary buds?
A
buds in the axis of leaves and shoots
11
Q
What is the main difference between long and short shoots (besides length)?
A
The possession of leaves and other external structures.
12
Q
Modopodial branching branches in what style?
A
alternating
13
Q
sympodial branching branches in what style?
A
randomly
14
Q
what is the main difference between sympodial and monopodial branching?
A
the initial shoot is redirected laterally in sympodial branching whereas it continues up directly in monopodial branching.
15
Q
what is the function of the endodermis?
A
to prevent water from leaking into the vascular cylander
16
Q
where is the pith located?
A
in the center of the shoot.
17
Q
T/F a pith can break down and be pulled apart into a cavity?
A
True
18
Q
the vascular cambium is what meristem?
A
the lateral meristem
19
Q
the vascular ccambium has 2 “faces”. what are the two “faces” of the cambium?
A
the xylem and phloem
20
Q
the vascular cambium divides periclinal or anticlinaly?
A
Periclinally
21
Q
why do pants have ray cells?
A
the lateral movement of water and photosynthates in the plant.
22
Q
what are the two types of initials in the vascular cambium?
A
Fusiform initial, and the ray initial
23
Q
what do fusiform initials give rise to?
A
xylem and phloem
24
Q
fusiform and ray initials are what to each other?
A
perpendicular
25
non storied cambium has what?
strongly overlapping ends
26
Storied cambium are arranged at what?
horizontal tiers
27
what species lost the vascular cambium?
austrobaliales, magnoliids, eudicots.
28
the arrangement of parenchyma cells in xylem are one of 3 types, what are those types?
Apotracheal (randomly grouped), banded pattern, and paratracheal.
29
T/F Initials do not make new derivatives on either side.
F, initials give rise to derivatives and new initials on both sides.
30
what structure associated with transporting water and nutrients is not associated with xylem?
vessel elements
31
what is an intafascicular cambium?
a cambium that develops in the vascular bundles to provide structure.
32
what tissue is in betweent the phloem and the epidermis?
the cortex
33
what is in betwen the cortex and the epedermis?
periderm
34
Storied cambium are arranged at what?
horizontal tier
35
what is xylem that has been produce by the vascular cambium called?
secondary xylem
36
what is a soft wood?
a wood from a gymnosperm
37
in soft woods their rays are mostly uniseriate, this means what?
They are only one cell layer wide.
38
Resin canals do what in a plant?
they are multicellular sclerids that excrete and create resin for the cell.
39
rays can consist of
Parenchyma (homocellular) and Tracheids (Heterocellular)
40
what are hard woods
Angiosperms, or wood that has vessel elemens.
41
are late or early wood vessels newly made vessels?
Late
42
Ring porous wood is what?
Banded
43
Diffuse porous wood is what?
44
can hollow trees still be alive?
yes
45
What is reaction wood?
Branch or stem that grows to counteract the force of an inclined position.
46
there are 2 types of reaction wood, what are they?
Tension wood and compression wood
47
What is Tension wood?
Tension wood is found in angiosperms and creates force that move the tree up.
48
what is compression wood?
wood that is found on the underside to support the bend
49
what are the 3 parts of secondary growth in palms?
Central Cylinder, cortex, and pseudobark.
50
T/F in monocots the vascular cambium can make vascular bundles on either side.
True
51
the cortex is (inside/outside) of the vascular cyander
outside
52
Beets have what kind of secondary growth?
Anamolus
53
In beets what is the unique production of the pericycle.
the storage roots
54
the secondary xylem and phloem are produced by what?
the vascular cambium
55
the primary xylem and phloem are created by what?
the apical meristem
56
angiosperm wood is called
hardwood
57
of the vascular cambium the xylem is on the _______ and the phloem is on the _______.
Inside // outside
58
what are vascular rays?
xylem and phloem rays that share the same initial.
59
the periderm is outside what tissue?
the cortex
60
what are the three types of phloem rays?
Biseriate, multiseriate, uniseriate
61
uniseriate phloem rays are found in what?
Gymnosperms
62
the conducting phloem is near what in the cell?
the vascular cambium
63
generally speaking is there more conducting or non-conducting phloem in older perenialls?
non-conducting
64
depending on the plant how long can phloem be used?
from 1-10+ years
65
there is a lot ____ phloem made very year than xylem.
less
66
inner bark is...
the secondary phloem
67
outerbark is...
the periderm
68
what lines a resin duct?
epithelical cells
69
phloem rays in conifers are what?
uniserate
70
the phellogen creates what two tissues?
the phellem and phalloderm
71
T/F the phelloderm is in every vascular plant?
False, it is absent from some plants.
72
what are phelloids?
nonsuberized cells that are part of the phellem.
73
T/F phelloids can differentiate into sclerids
True
74
what are the thick-walled stone cells in the phellem, commonly found in pears?
Brachysclereids
75
unlike the vascular cambium, the initials of the cork cambium is comprised of ______ cell shape(s)
a single
76
the periderm froms in what 4 places in the cell?
the subepidermal layer, the epidermis, the cortex, and the phloem.
77
lenticels form under what?
stomata
78
what is the order of the would periderms repair.
they becom lignified then become suberized
79
why is lignin made first in wound periderms?
because disease does not like lignin.
80
what is wood?
secondary xylem
81
is the secondary phleoem active in long distance food transport? T/F
True
82
what plant type has a star-shaped vascular cylander?
eudicots
83
what is the function of leaves?
primarily the function is photosynthesis though they also store water, protect the plant, regulate gas exchange
84
go find and look at the development of leaf primordium in monoccots.
cool, good job, click 5 and move on.
85
what are the two areas of primary growth?
Root apical meristem, shoot apical meristem
86
what are the two areas of secondary growth?
vascular cambium, cork cambium
87
what are the 3 leaf meristems?
plate meristem, intercalary meristem, apical meristem.
88
Lobes have what that is different from normal cellular division?
a rapid cellular devision.
89
what is the phyllome?
the collectiono of leaves across a plant.
90
what is a spiral pattern in leaf arrangement?
a plant with leaves in a spiral pattern.
91
what is the distichous pattern in phyllotaxis?
-180 degrees apart
92
what is the of phyllotaxis
the orientation of leaves on a plant.
93
what are whorled leaves?
3 or more leaves that come out of the same node.
94
leaves consist of two main parts, what are they?
the lamina (the blade) the petiole (the structure).
95
sessile leaves are what?
they are leaves that lack a petiole
96
what is a sheath on a leaf?
a lamina that wraps around the stem
97
what is a stipule?
paired appendages at the base of the leaf
98
There are different kinds of leaves in plants, what is a simple leaf?
a leaf with a lamina and somethimes but not always a petiole
99
a leaf is defined through what?
an axillary bud
100
what are axillary buds?
a bud that is at the base of the leaf where it branches off from the stem.
101
what is a compound leaf?
a leaf that is devided into leaflets.
102
what is a central rachis?
a central axis of a leaf that has leaflets attatched to it.
103
what is a palmately compound leaf?
cannabis leaf
104
T/F in a plant like box eldar sometimes the leaf will engulf the axillary bud.
True
105
what is a pinnately compound leaf?
a leaf that has a rachis and many leaflets without any buds.
106
what does sclerophyllous mean?
Leather-like
107
Sclerophyllous leaves have what defining characteristics?
Often longer lived, greater investment of tissues, and dry adapted leaves.
108
leaves in ferns are called what?
fronds.
109
fronds have sori on them, what are sori?
they are capsules of spores that are located on the fronds of ferns.
110
fronds originate from what structure?
Rhyzomes
111
what is an adaxial surface of a structure?
the part of the structure that faces the axis of growth.
112
what is the abaxial surface of a leaf?
the side of a structure that faces away from the axis of growth.
113
google the difference of spongy and regular mesophyll and fill in this question on the notecards.
good job!
114
the adaxial side has what in comparison to the abaxial side?
a thicker cuticle, more trichomes, fewer stomata.
115
trichomes do what for the adaxial surface of a leaf?
they can reflect sunlight from the adaxial surface of the leaf to prevent some dessecation.
115
trichomes do what for the adaxial surface of a leaf?
they can reflect sunlight from the adaxial surface of the leaf to prevent some dessecation.
116
what are mesopytes?
plants that live in mesic areas
117
xerophytes are what?
plants that originate in desert or desert like environments
118
what is the unique feature of the stomata in xerophytes?
stomatal crypts
119
xerophytes have a very thick what that gives them a very waxy feel?
cuticle
120
in xerophytes there is a boundry called what over the palisade mesophyll?
upper multiple epidermis
121
what are hydrophytes?
plants that live in water
122
why do hydrophytes have so much intracellular space?
to have the gasses to float on the water
123
the stomata are where in hydrophytes?
at the adaxial surface of the plant
124
what is heterophyte?
where plants have heteromorphic leaves
