test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
what is a microphyll?
A
a small leaf on big leaf
2
Q
what is a megaphyll?
A
a big leaf
3
Q
what is an enation?
A
a small extension of a leaf, this will continue to become a microphyll
4
Q
enations have a single/double vascular trace
A
single
5
Q
megaphylls have evolved at least_____Times!
A
Four
6
Q
what are tendrils?
A
tendrils are derivatives of leaves or stems that attatch to other surfaces and support the plant.
7
Q
the way to tell how a tendril formed is from what?
A
the buds.
8
Q
cladophylls, what are they?
A
they are leaf-like branches
9
Q
cacti don’t have leaves they have…
A
cladophylls
10
Q
what are thorns?
A
modified branches that arise from the leaf axis
11
Q
do cacti have thorns?
A
no
12
Q
the thorn arises from what?
A
the auxillary bud
13
Q
spines are what?
A
a dry, har, nonphotosynthetic, modified leaf that pokes stuff
14
Q
are spines on cacti?
A
yes
15
Q
the apical meristems in cactus that make spines are called what?
A
areoles
16
Q
what are prickles!?
A
small, slender, and sharp outgrowths from the cortex, periderm, and epidermis.
17
Q
are prickles associated with nodes?
A
no
18
Q
what organ are tubers modified from?
A
the stem
19
Q
what are tubers?
A
tubers are modified stems that are used for energy storage
20
Q
what are the “eyes” of potato?
A
axullary buds
21
Q
what are rhizomes?
A
underground stems
22
Q
what are stolons?
A
stems that grow along the soil surface and asexually reproduce
23
Q
fragaria is what?
A
strawberry
24
Q
bulbs are what?
A
stems surrounded by fleshy leaves?
25
what are corms?
a storage stem.
26
what is a hypocotyl?
the stem like area that is situated below the cotlyedons
27
what is a prop root?
a root that props a plant above the ground
28
what are myrosin cells?
cells that protect plants by having a seperation of two chemicals (glucosinolate) and (myrosin) these combine when eaten and then create a "burning" sensation.
29
what are stinging hairs?
trichomes that when they penetrate the skin and breaks, then they inject shit into you
30
what is the important chemical in stinging hairs?
histamine
31
what are nectaries?
glands that produce nectar
32
what are the key ingrediants in nectar?
sucrose, glucosse, and fructose
33
what are the two main types of nectaries?
floral nectaries and extrafloral nectaries
34
T/F Gymnosperms have nectaries
true
35
in angiosperms there are nectaries in_________
the petals
36
in monocots nectaries are associated with what structures?
tepals, septals, perigonal nectaries and widespread.
37
what is a septum?
a division in the carpel
38
where are nectaries?
in the septum
39
T/F trichomes cannot secrete nectar
False
40
what are sporophytes?
plants that make spores in sporangia
41
gametophytes are what?
plants that make gametes in archegonia and antherdia.
42
what are archegonia?
a structure that makes an egg.
43
what are antheridia?
a structure that makes sperm
44
what are embryophytes?
plants that have an embryo
45
what are tracheophytes?
plants that have tracheary elements
46
what are spermatophytes?
plants that have seeds
47
what are anthercerotophyta?
the hornworts
48
T/F plant sperm can't move just like fully grown plants.
False
49
what is the foot of the sporophyte?
an organ that is embedded into the maternal tissue and connects the sporophyte and the gametophyte
50
what do the sporangia do?
make spores
51
what is the difference of gametophytes and sporophytes?
sporophytes do not need sexual reproduction
52
in hornworts how do spores get released?
the sporangium is slowly "unzipped" and revealed until all the spores fly out.
53
what does the foot do for a sporophyte?
it sequesters resources from the rest of the plant and moves it into the gametophyte.
54
what are paraphysis?
sterile structures at the top of the gametophyte and protect the develping gametes
55
what is a capsule?
a form of a sporangium with a jar and cap
56
what is the operculum?
the cap of a capsule sporangium
57
what is the peristome?
the teeth of a toothed sporangium
58
what is an archagoniaphore?
a structure that bears archigonia
59
what is an antheridiaphore?
a structure that holds antheridia
60
what are elaters?
structures that twist up and then release their pressure to force out spores
61
lycopodiaceae are what?
homosporus
62
what is homospory?
all the sproes are the same
63
what is heterospory?
spores are different
64
what plants are homosporus?
ferns, equisetophytes, some lychophytes (ancestral)
65
what plants are hetersporous?
few ferns, some lycophytes, and seed plants
66
what is a microspore?
a spore that develops into a microgametophyte
67
what is a megaspore?
a spore that develops into a megagametophyt
68
T/F Lycophytes require an aquatic habitat to reproduce
False
69
what are the two clades of ferns?
the eusporangiate and the leptosporangiate ferns
70
most ferns are ____sporous?
homosporus
71
ferns disperse spores how?
by flinging them with the sporangia
72
what is a false indusium?
a fold over of the leaf that covers/holds spores
73
what is a tubular indusia?
an indusia that is formed on stalks
74
what is an indusia?
a thin membrane covering that covers the sorus on a fern.
75
the prothallus is what?
a gametophyte
76
archegonia and antheridia mature at different rates to brevent what?
intragametophytic selfing
77
monilophyte sperm need what to complete the life cycle?
water
78
what is the alternation of generations?
the alternation of sporophyte to gametophyte and back in plant life cycles
79
does the life cycle of a plant, on a fundamental level ever drastically change?
no
80
in the life cycle of a plant what two stages are there?
sporophytic and gametophytic
81
what is the creation of the zygote called?
fertilization
82
in seed plants the spores germinate into what?
seeds
83
out of the 4 megaspores how many are going to continue on?
1
84
where does the sporophyte get its nutrients inside a tree?
the gametophyte (seed coat)
85
what is the main (large structure) "phytage" of a seed plant?
a sporophyte
86
mieosis always produces what?
spores
87
what is the order of parts in the carpel?
the stigma on top, the stlye next (stalk), then the ovary
88
what is the order of parts on a stamen?
the anther then the filament
89
what is the order of the sepals and petals?
petals then sepals
90
what is the order of floral whorls?
carpel, stamen, petal, sepal.
91
what is at the base of the flower?
the recepticle
92
the parianth is what?
the non reproductive structures of a flower (the sepals and petals)
93
what are petals and sepals called if you cannot tell which is a petal and which is a sepal?
a tepal
94
what is the callyx?
the collection of sepals
95
what are sepals?
a member of the outwer whorl (calyx) of a flower
96
what is the corrola?
the car....nah its the whorl if petals
97
what are petals?
the inner whorl of non fertile parts surrounding the fertal organs of a flower, suaually soft in texture and colored conspicuously
98
petals have evolved more than once, from what organs did they evolve?
from sepals the first time and from stamens the second time
99
stamen have how many vascular bundles?
1
100
sepals have how man vascular bundles?
5
101
what is a fused corolla?
petals that are all one petal that cups
102
what is extrorse anther?
pollen ont he outside
103
what is an introrse anther?
pollen in the inside
104
what is a latrorse anther?
pollen laterally
105
what is porisidal anther?>
it opens up and releases the pollen
106
what are the main five parts of pollen?
the apertures, the exine, the intine, the generative cell an d vegetative cell
107
what are aperatrues?
the place where the pollen tube will emerge and the response to the environment.
108
what is exine?
a wall constructed of sporopollenin
109
what is an intine?
a wall composed of cellulose and pectin
110
what is a generative cell?
a cell that gives rise to two sperm cells
111
what is a vegetative cell?
acell that produces pollen tubes
112
what are staminodes?
infertile stamens
113
what is pseudanthium?
inflorescence of many flowers that acts as a single attractive unit.
114
asteraceae are called what?
composites
115
what are "composite" flowers?
a plant that consists of many flowers.
116
each individual flower in a composition flower is called a florett,
