test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are sources of historical info?
A
primary, secondary
2
Q
things that have been written about primary (books, pictures)
A
secondary
3
Q
why study history
A
people are interpreting history differently
4
Q
gives us the Depiction of athletic feet and Represents the culture of the time and how they value athleticism
A
Great works of literature such as The Iliad and The Odyssey
5
Q
The thoughts and ideas of ancient philosophers like Socrates and Plato
A
The role they had in connection with sports/games/play
6
Q
Great architectural monuments like the pyramids of Egypt, the Parthenon in Athens or the Colosseum in Rome
A
monuments
7
Q
Sport is the larger domain
A
Game is under sport
Play is under game
All sport is play, but not all play is sport
8
Q
In French, the word de(s)porter has its roots in the Latin word deportare, which mean
A
“to amuse oneself”
9
Q
Modern term first used in England around A.D. 1440
Origin of the word is Latin and French
Grew throughout England referring to competition in the form of games, individual athletic exploits and hunting.
A
Sport
10
Q
play Has three fundamental characteristics:
A
- Play is intrinsically motivated
-Play involves the temporary suspensions of normal/ typical reality
-Play involves internal locus of control
11
Q
- Somewhat more organized effort at play, where the organized and playful elements of the activity become more evident; an occurrence
A
Game
12
Q
“a play activity which has explicit rules…the element of opposition or contest, recognizable boundaries in time and sometimes in space, and a sequence of actions which is essentially “repeatable” every time the game is played”.
A
game
13
Q
is a pattern
A
sport
14
Q
○ Continuity: refers to the longevity of the game
○ Division of roles
○ Dynamic interaction with an audience
○ Supporting establishment( sponsors)
A
sport
15
Q
the study of change, over time
A
History
16
Q
the study of how sport has changed (or not) over time
A
Sport history
17
Q
“just the facts”
A
Objective
18
Q
Detailed account of what happened in the past
A
Descriptive
19
Q
Provides the who, what, when and where of the past
A
Descriptive
20
Q
Attempts to explain the how and the why of events of what happened in the past
A
Interpretive
21
Q
Introduces the narrator’s perspective into the interpretation
A
Interpretive
22
Q
explains and interprets the changes that took place in American sport more than a hundred years ago and continue to occur
A
Modernization theory
23
Q
involves where ppl live
A
Urbanization and industrialism
24
Q
Fine-tune knowledge of diet and exercise to
A
help achieve peak performance.
25
The scholarly study of sport and physical education will continue to investigate the link between
exercise and health (diet).
26
things in greece that are still common
- Continue to build monuments
-Athletes will continue their quest to achieve victory, sometimes no matter the cost.
-* Performances will inspire, entertain, and disappoint.
27
No other civilization embraced athletic competition and intellectual development as did the ancient [ ]
Greeks.
28
Various athletic contests and games were carried to mainland [ ] by merchant sailors from distant lands
Greece
29
And through military expeditions, the { ] adopted some of the ways of their conquered enemies, including games and sports that appealed to them.
Greeks
30
Two opposing ideas of thought (regarding physical education in Greece)
naturalistic and antinaturalistic
31
Man should have a balanced program – harmonious balance among spiritual, intellectual and physical
naturalistic
32
Both physical education and intellectual education should be incorporated
naturalistic
33
Held that physical education was a servant to the intellectual process – held the mind in higher esteem than the body
antinaturalistic
34
* Left no written material
* Formulated philosophy based on dualism (the separation of the mind and the body)
socrates
35
Socrates pupil; after Socrates death argued for a harmonious relationship between the mind and body; although harmonious does not imply equality.
plato
36
Wants only the best type of citizen – no patience for all physical and no intellect (dull and boring) and vice versa (soft and effeminate)
plato
37
Supported the need for modern physical education/kinesiology programs.
plato
38
studied with Plato for 20 years; tutored Alexander the Great when he was 13 years old
aristotle
39
aristotle Started his own school,
The Lyceum
40
Belief that the health of the soul/mind was contingent on a healthy body, that PE (gymnastics) was necessary as well as grammar, music and drawing.
aristotle
41
Ancient Greece:
The Birthplace of Western Civilization
776BC - 400AD
42
* Extremely advanced society.
First dominant culture in Europe.
ancient greece
43
greece Contributions to modern Western thought/society?
Thru literature and art and architecture
44
funeral games of Petroclus
Iliad
45
Odysseus proving self
Odyssey
46
What do these stories of iliad and odyssey tell us about Greece?
they had competitions
47
one who competes for a prize
athlete
48
unity of “man of action” and “man of wisdom.
greek ideal
49
all-around physical, mental, moral individual excellence one strove for.
arete
50
Military, discipline-oriented society.
“Education” focused on preparation of boys for military.
sparta
51
Characteristics of training? Did not prepare the girls for military; boys started military at age of 7 ; girls had physical training to have healthy children
sparta
52
personal trainer of child
Ephors
53
main sports in sparta
Boxing and wrestling
54
Embracers of the Greek Ideal
athens
55
Society reflected dual emphasis on intelligence and physical
athens
56
Liked what their soldiers looked like
athens
57
between soldiers as they trained or waited for battle, to pass time
informal contests
58
well organized contests held by warriors after the funeral of a man killed in battle. Earliest one 1250 BC in Greece
funeral games
59
Who is the goddess of victory?
Nike
60
What are the hellanodikai
judges
61
What are the statues that lined the entrance and were built from the money/fines of corrupt athletes called?
zanes
62
How did a wrestler/boxer signal defeat
1 finger up
63
What was the 1st day of the ancient games devoted to?
Mourning, religious day
64
Whats the pankration
combination of wrestling and boxing
65
What is the structure called where the chariot races were held?
hippodrome
66
What were the hand weights that were used to add momentum to the long jump called?
Halteras
67
What was the god of horses/ horse disturber?
Tersipis
68
What was zeus called?
God of thunder and lightning
69
1st olympic game date?
776 BC
70
what 4 games made up the wreath games
Olympia, Pythian, Nemean, Isthmian
71
initially held in over 300 cities primarily for entertainment
secular games
72
sacred site of the god Apollo
Delphi
73
wreath games that honored Zeus
Nemean
74
wreath games that honored Poseidon
Isthmian
75
Largest of a set of religious festivals
ancient olympics
76
purpose of ancient olympics
Honored Zeus
77
where was ancient olympics held
Held every 4 years, late summer, in Olympia
(religious holy place, rural)
78
why was ancient olympics important
National unity. Communication. Religion.
79
Greek god of horses
Poseidon
80
there would be no war for 3 months so the athletes and spectators could travel safetly to and from
truce to zeus
81
Greek males, trained, nude ( a lot came from Sparta)
participants of ancient olympics
82
ancient olympic rules
Had to take an oath of fair play that they trained for at least 10 months with other athletes; prove that they were citizens without a criminal record
Women? Werent allowed, then only married women could
If women were found in there, they would throw them off the cliff
Everyone went nude from there on so no women could be found
83
what did u win officially in ancient olympics
OFFICIALLY: Olive wreath
84
what did u win in practice in ancient olympics
IN PRACTICE: Fame and fortune
85
Stade race
stadion
86
first 13 olympics
Eventual 5-day program:
Horse races
Chariot races
Wrestling
Boxing
Pancration (Pankration)
Various footraces
Pentathlon
87
Changes in ancient Olympics
* Change in emphasis (religious - winning)
* Began to train specifically for event
* Development of potential future Olympians
* Increase in “professionalism”
Cheating, bribery, corruption
88
Rome ends pagan religious festivals
*400 AD
89
ordered the destruction of places dedicated to the greek gods (they were christian)
Diocletian and Constantine
90
composed of foot races for virgins
Heraean Games
91
winners of heraean games
* Winners would take part in sacrifices cows
92
contribution of ancient greece to sport
Appreciation of sport, athletic body, competition, health, beauty of movement
93
first to organize and make rules for games; developed the gymnasium; wrote the first code of sportsmanship and standards for fair play
concept of physical education in ancient greece
94
ancient greece and Physical education / Fitness as career
developed the first training methods
95
Because of Greeks we have Olympics today:
High level competition
Horse-related events
Hand-to-hand combat events
Track and field
96
when was the 1st modern olympics
1896
97
saw how sports was increasing and wanted to revive Olympic games,
Dr. William Penny Brookes
98
very well established physician in England, father of british physical education, captivated by mind and body and spirit of olympics
Dr. William Penny Brookes
99
in 1850, Brookes had a parade of athletes and officials. Attracted local athletes
Wenlock Olympics
100
Devoted his life to improving the national character of the youth of France; french were defeated in a war against Prussia; he thought the youth were too soft and that’s why they lost the war
Pierre de Coubertin
101
Organized the sports festival, got money to build a stadium
Pierre de Coubertin
102
students from princeton (track and field) competed in the 1st Olympiad
Boston athletic association
103
where and when was the 1st olympiad
athens in 1896
104
1st olympiad awards
only 1st and 2nd, no gold
1st got silver
2nd gets bronze
Crown of olives, diplomas for 1st
105
feats of fedipitis (athletic shoe store)
marathon
106
what is feats of fedipitis base don
a story that there was a messenger that was sent that the greek army had defeated the persian in a place called fedipitis
107
how long was the marathon in the beginning
25 miles
108
when and where was the 2nd olympiad
Paris, 1900
109
how long did the 2nd olympiad take
5 1/2 months
110
Side-show: athletic event
Non-official competition: balloon races, firefighter competition
1100 participants
side-show, women – croquet and tennis
2nd olympiad
111
what was different about the 2nd and 1st olympiad
3rd place was recognized
112
when and where was the 3rd olympiad
st. louis in 1904
**was supposed to be in Chicago
113
what was controversial about the 3rd olympiad
europeans didnt want to come
114
how long did the 3rd olympiad last
3 1/2 months with 500 ppl
115
carnival atmosphere
exposition of 3rd olympiad
116
the winner of the marathon in [ ] rode in a car for 11 miles
3rd olympiad
117
what did they use as supplements to get through race?
brandy, egg whites, poison sulfate
118
what was significant about the 3rd olympiad
US was basically competing against itself
119
what was significant about the 3rd olympiad
US was basically competing against itself
120
When and where were the Interim games held
Athens in 1906
121
where was the olympic game in 1908
london
*initially was supposed to be in Rome
122
When was the international sport federations created
1908
123
why was olympic game in 1908 moved from rome to london
financial hardship
124
why was international sport federations created
created bc if sport was not associated with ISF and you were not abiding by the rules, you could not participate
125
what sport pulled out because of the ISF
tennis
126
which countries were in political turmoil in 1908 olympics
Finland and Ireland
127
was under russia control
finland
128
was under great britain control
ireland
129
what did finland and ireland want at the olympics
to fly their own flags, but were not allowed
130
US flag bearer was supposed to dip flag in 1908, but did not because
he was an irish immigrant and was mad ireland did not get their own glad so said
" this flag dips below no earthly king"
131
why did marathon distance change in 1908 olympics
bc the king of england wanted to watch the race from the palace
26.2 miles to the palace from start
132
what olympic was the last olympic russia competed in until 1952
1912- stockholm
133
USA team was run by ___ in the 1912 olympics
AAU (amateur athletics union)
134
appointed to be representation for USA in helping manage the games
James E. Sullivan
135
introduced 1st truly representative US team
James E. Sullivan
136
what was significant about 1912 olympics for women
women competed in swimming
137
high school athlete, african american; qualified in 100m dash and in 1st heat he pulled hamstring in 1912 olympics
H.P. Drew
138
7 events, won 6 golds and 1 bronze in 1912 olympics
Jim Thorpe
139
USOC stripped him from his metals bc he was not an amateur athlete
Jim Thorpe
140
Jim Thorpe was an indian who never competed before and wins 1st
skipped athletic trials and got stripped of metals bc he played baseball over the summer and received money
141
distance runners from Finland; given to them by the media; very successful in distance (1912 olympics)
Flying Finns
142
1912 olympics introduced
introduction of pentathlon- cross country, fencing, swam, pistol shooting, and 4k race
5 events and held over 5 days
143
why were the games cancelled in 1916?
WWI
144
"trailed” Greece by around 700 years.
Rome
145
Attackers rather than being attacked
rome
146
Eventually ruled most of Europe and N. Africa.
rome
147
what was the class based society in rome
patricians,
plebians- worked for patricians (crafters, farmers), slaves
148
Rome was governed by
senate
149
who elected senate
by the patricians and later EMPERORS (Julius Caesar the first)- KING
150
Rome had gladiator contests at the
colosseum
151
Chariot races at the ___ in rome
Circus Maximus
152
Track in greece was called
hippodrome
153
* Had the equivalent of skyboxes with reserved seating for the Emperor, senators, financial backers of the race, those who presided over the competition, and the jury that awarded the prizes.
* 300,000 seats
Chariot Racing at the Circus Maximus
154
Origins in religious traditions
funeral ceremonies
155
funerals or ceremonies to remember the death of a significant person
Became part of Roman traditions
156
the preferred vehicle to gain public support and political influence.
Shows (with gladiators as main attraction)
157
rudus
Wooden sword
158
Flavion ampien theatre
name before called colliseum
159
Most were slaves (prisoners of war)
Gladiators
160
fought in late afternoon
elite gladiators
161
gladiators fought ____ matches per year
few
162
T/F gladiators could become wealthy and earn freedom from games
TRUE
163
owned the gladiators and ran the training schools
Lanista
164
Training schools were called
Ludus/Lodus
165
gladitor training schools used to be
owned by private citizens
166
Government took gladiator training out of hands of private citizens
in order to prevent overthrown government
167
representative of overthrown cultures
Armor and fighting styles
168
gladiators fight animals
Morning “bestiarii”
169
burning and crucifiction
Noontime executions
170
Afternoon gladiator fighting
elite gladiators fought
171
man who used a net to trip or trap opponent and used trident (spear) to injure opponent
Retiarius
172
helmets that had visors over them and used particular sword (short) and shield
Samnites
173
carried small round shield and curved dagger
Thracians
174
* Pop star, folk hero
* Praised by poets
* Likeness on objects
* Sought by women
Gladiators place in Roman society
175
Immigrants settled in ________ and brought their own traditions
homogeneous communities
176
upper class sports in britian
cricket, hockey, rugby
177
lower class in Britain played
cockfighting, boxing, soccer
178
what did british believe
sport builds character
179
british believed that amateur sport as
clean
180
british saw professional sport as
dirty
181
how did sports spread in britian
colonies
182
how did sports spread in america
YMCA
183
in the 1400s, GOLFE was played in
scotland
184
Why did scotland ban golf
they were abt to go to war and needed to be working on shooting arrows
185
when was gold popularized by ruling class
1500s
186
St Andrews Royal and Ancient Golf club was introduced to US in 1700s at
South Carolina
187
well educated middle class that believed that a free society could be achieved so that each person be allowed to create a life in the manner they saw fit
bourgeoisie
188
the philosophers had several positions
- They used their faith in nature as the guide by which humans should live
- The view that children should be allowed childlike activities
189
18th Century in Germany introduced
gymnastics
190
Great contributions to modern education, Educational process should be as “natural” as possible,
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
191
The education process for both boys and girls
- Should start at birth and go through all of adulthood
- Thought development of child health was important
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
192
Emphasized the use of senses in the learning process
Johann Basedow
193
a religious activist, controversial
Johann Basedow
194
The Philanthropinum in 1774 created by
Johann Basedow
195
Rousseau made the idea,
Basedow acted on it
196
Basedow hires
Johann Simon
197
becomes 1st modern physical educator
Johann Simon
198
Engaged in Greek gymnastics - Running, jumping, wrestling, apparatus (young)
Engaged in “knightly exercises” such as dancing, fencing, riding and vaulting on live horses
Johann Simon
199
Accepted today: specialists in physical education, outdoor activities and specialized equipment
Johann Simon
200
legitimized profession of PE with the quality of his work
Johann GutsMuths
201
worried and focused on physical layout of the school
Johann GutsMuths
202
- Writes two books about his physical education program (ppl copy and it spreads)
Johann GutsMuths
203
- Stresses about physical layout of school (covered area so they could still participate in activities)
Johann GutsMuths
204
The Turnvater – “Father of Gymnastics”
Friedrich Jahn
205
Gymnastics as a vehicle for national pride, healthy nation
Friedrich Jahn
206
inspired by pierre de cuopton
Friedrich Jahn
207
In 1811, beginning of the German turnverein movement emphasized apparatus (balance beams, bars, pole vaulting, horse)
Friedrich Jahn
208
gymnastic place
Turnplatz
209
the gymnastic movement
Turnverein
210
people’s gymnastics
Volksturnen
211
a gymnastics/physical education society with a patriotic/political agenda
Turners
212
Followed Jahn after he gets impriosned and became pioneers
Charles Follen and Charles Beck
213
lawyer and political refugee
Charles Follen
214
Fled to the U.S. and secured a teaching position at Harvard where he taught German
Follen
215
Requested permission to build turnplatz on campus – interest high then tailed off
Follen
216
theologian
Charles Beck
217
Secured a teaching position at the Round Hill School in Northhampton, MA
Beck
218
1st school with mandatory PE in the form of German gymnastics thanks to Beck
Round Hill
219
Credited with being the 1st physical education teacher in America
Beck
220
From Denmark, Inspired by GutsMuth’s gymnastics (natural setting)
Franz Nachtegall
221
Opened private gymnasium and provided instruction in public and private schools
- Equipment included hanging ladders, climbing poles, balance beams , vaulting horses and rope ladders
- Trained in a command response
Franz Nachtegall
222
* Participated in Nachtegall’s gymnastic program
* Used fencing as therapy which imporved his use of his arm
Per Henrik Ling
223
Fencing had a therapeutic effect on his arthritic arm thus his lifelong interest in the medical effects of exercise
* Working out relieves stress
Per Henrik Ling
224
considered boring and never gained the popularity that German gymnastics did
Swedish gymnastics
