TEST 1 Flashcards by Aamna Qandil

Which theory of motivation suggests that individuals are motivated by a hierarchy of needs?
a) Drive reduction theory
b) Expectancy theory
c) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
d) Incentive theory

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

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According to __________ theory, individuals are motivated by internal factors such as the desire for autonomy, mastery, and purpose

Self-determination

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Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in a behavior for external rewards or to avoid punishment. True or false?

False

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__________ is the belief in one’s ability to successfully perform a task or achieve a goal.

Self-efficacy

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According to the arousal theory of motivation, individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal in order to perform at their best. True or false?

True

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__________ is the term used to describe the process of sexual maturation during adolescence.

Puberty

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The __________ response cycle includes the stages of excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Sexual

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The main artery that supplies blood to the lower limb is the:
a) Femoral artery
b) Brachial artery
c) Carotid artery
d) Subclavian artery

Femoral artery

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The femoral artery is a continuation of the _________ artery.

external iliac

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The popliteal artery is located behind the knee joint. True or false?

True

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Which artery is the major branch of the femoral artery and runs along the back of the thigh?
a) Popliteal artery
b) Tibial artery
c) Peroneal artery
d) Anterior tibial artery

Popliteal artery

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The anterior tibial artery continues as the _________ artery in the foot.

Dorsalis pedis

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The posterior tibial artery supplies blood to the front of the lower leg. True or false?

False

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Which artery is responsible for supplying blood to the lateral side of the lower leg?
a) Posterior tibial artery
b) Dorsalis pedis artery
c) Anterior tibial artery
d) Popliteal artery

Ant. tibial artery

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The __________ artery is a branch of the popliteal artery that runs along the fibula.

Peroneal

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The dorsalis pedis artery can be palpated on the dorsal surface of the foot. True or false?

True

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Which artery supplies blood to the medial side of the foot?
a) Anterior tibial artery
b) Popliteal artery
c) Dorsalis pedis artery
d) Posterior tibial artery

Post. tibial artery

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The external iliac artery becomes the _________ artery once it enters the thigh.

Femoral

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The common iliac artery is the continuation of the abdominal aorta. True or false?

True

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Which artery gives rise to the deep femoral artery?
a) Femoral artery
b) Popliteal artery
c) Common iliac artery
d) External iliac artery

Femoral artery

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The __________ artery is responsible for supplying blood to the adductor muscles of the thigh.

Deep femoral

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The superior gluteal artery is a branch of the femoral artery. True or false?

False

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The main superficial vein of the lower limb is the:
a) Popliteal vein
b) Femoral vein
c) Great saphenous vein
d) Deep femoral vein

Great saphenous vein

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The __________ vein runs along the medial aspect of the lower limb and drains into the femoral vein.

great saphenous

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The deep veins of the lower limb accompany the corresponding arteries. True or false?

True

Which vein accompanies the posterior tibial artery and runs along the back of the leg? a) Great saphenous vein b) Femoral vein c) Popliteal vein d) Posterior tibial vein

Posterior tibial vein

The __________ vein is a continuation of the posterior tibial vein above the knee joint.

Popliteal

The small saphenous vein is a superficial vein that drains into the popliteal vein. True or false?

True

The __________ vein is responsible for draining blood from the lateral aspect of the foot and ankle. a) Deep femoral vein b) Anterior tibial vein c) Peroneal vein d) Dorsalis pedis vein

Peroneal vein

The __________ vein accompanies the femoral artery and is located deep in the thigh.

Deep femoral

The great saphenous vein can be used as a graft for coronary artery bypass surgery. True or false?

True

The external iliac vein becomes the _________ vein as it passes through the inguinal ligament. a) Great saphenous vein b) Femoral vein c) Popliteal vein d) Deep femoral vein

Femoral vein

The __________ vein drains blood from the lateral aspect of the foot and merges with the posterior tibial vein.

Peroneal

The common iliac vein is formed by the union of the internal and external iliac veins. True or false?

True

The __________ vein accompanies the deep femoral artery and drains into the femoral vein. a) Popliteal vein b) Great saphenous vein c) Deep femoral vein d) Anterior tibial vein

Deep femoral vein

The __________ vein drains blood from the medial aspect of the foot and merges with the anterior tibial vein.

Posterior tibial

The deep veins of the lower limb are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood back to the heart. True or false?

False

External iliac vein joins the _______ vein to form common iliac vein.

Internal iliac

_________ artery supplies the lateral side of the leg.

Fibular artery

Two sural arteries branch from the popliteal artery to supply the __________

Calf muscles

The process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a biological membrane is called: a) Active transport b) Facilitated diffusion c) Endocytosis d) Exocytosis

Facilitated diffusion

The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane is composed primarily of __________.

Lipids

The transport protein responsible for moving molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring the expenditure of energy, is called a(n): a) Ion channel b) Carrier protein c) Aquaporin d) ATPase pump

ATPase pump

The process by which large molecules or particles are taken into the cell by the invagination of the cell membrane is called __________.

Endocytosis

Passive transport does not require the input of energy from the cell. True or false?

True

Which of the following is an example of active transport? a) Diffusion of oxygen across the alveolar membrane in the lungs b) Movement of glucose across the intestinal epithelium with the help of a carrier protein c) Endocytosis of bacteria by white blood cells d) Osmosis of water across a plant cell membrane

Endocytosis of bacteria by white blood cells

The movement of molecules across a membrane down their concentration gradient with the help of specific membrane proteins is called __________.

Facilitated diffusion

Simple diffusion is a form of passive transport where molecules move directly through the lipid bilayer without the assistance of transport proteins. True or false?

True

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of: a) Simple diffusion b) Osmosis c) Active transport d) Facilitated diffusion

Active transport

The process by which a cell expels waste or secretory products by fusing vesicles with the cell membrane and releasing their contents is called __________.

Exocytosis

Channel proteins facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane by undergoing a shape change. True or false?

True

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of diffusion across a membrane? a) Temperature b) Molecular size c) Membrane thickness d) Cell size

Cell size

The permeability of a membrane refers to the ability of substances to cross it. True or false?

True

Integral membrane proteins are: a) Permanently associated with the cell membrane b) Loosely attached to the cell membrane c) Found only in the cytoplasm d) Secreted outside the cell

Permanently associated with the cell membrane

Receptor proteins are membrane proteins that bind to specific __________.

ligands

Channel proteins facilitate the transport of molecules across the cell membrane by forming open passageways. True or false?

True

The function of transport proteins is to: a) Convert energy b) Transmit electrical signals c) Facilitate the movement of molecules across the cell membrane d) Store genetic information

Facilitate the movement of molecules across the cell membrane

Adhesion proteins help cells __________ to each other and to the extracellular matrix.

adhere

Membrane proteins are amphipathic, meaning they have both __________ and hydrophobic regions.

Hydrophilic

Glycoproteins are membrane proteins that have attached carbohydrate chains. True or false?

True

The transport of molecules across the cell membrane can be classified into two main categories: __________ and __________. a) Active transport; passive transport b) Facilitated diffusion; endocytosis c) Osmosis; exocytosis d) Channel-mediated transport; carrier-mediated transport

Active transport; passive transport

In __________, molecules move across the membrane without the need for energy expenditure.

Passive transport

Passive transport always occurs down the concentration gradient. True or false?

True

__________ is a form of passive transport where molecules directly diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. a) Facilitated diffusion b) Osmosis c) Simple diffusion d) Active transport

Simple diffusion

Active transport requires the input of __________ to move molecules against their concentration gradient.

energy

Primary active transport directly uses ATP as a source of energy to transport molecules across the cell membrane. True or false?

True

In secondary active transport, the movement of one molecule is coupled with the movement of __________.

Another molecule/ion

Symporters are membrane transport proteins that move two different molecules in the same direction. True or false?

True

The transport of glucose into cells using the glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins is an example of: a) Simple diffusion b) Facilitated diffusion c) Active transport d) Osmosis

Facilitated diffusion

The movement of ions through ion channels is an example of carrier-mediated transport. True or false?

False

The family of proteins that provide channel for rapid movement of water across the plasma membrane of specialized tissue is called?

Aquaporins

Two substances are transported simultaneously in opposite direction. Which type of transport is this?

Antiport

How many types of membrane transport are there? Name them.

Three; Uniport, Symport, and Antiport

Which proteins are important in inflammation and blood clotting?

Selectins

Which proteins adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane?

Peripheral Membrane proteins

What is the degradation product of starch?

Dextrin

Monosaccharides are transported across the epithelial cells of the small intestine into the bloodstream through specialized __________.

Transporters/carriers

Glucose and galactose are absorbed into the intestinal epithelial cells through active transport. True or false?

True

Fructose is absorbed into the intestinal epithelial cells through: a) Simple diffusion b) Facilitated diffusion c) Active transport d) Endocytosis

Facilitated diffusion

Once inside the intestinal epithelial cells, monosaccharides are transported into the bloodstream through the __________.

Basolateral membrane

Glycogenesis is the process of synthesizing __________ from glucose molecules. a) Glycogen b) Glucose-6-phosphate c) Glucose-1-phosphate d) Glucose-6-fructose

Glycogen

Glycogen synthesis primarily occurs in the __________ and skeletal muscles.

Liver

Glycogenesis is an energy-consuming process that requires ATP. True or false?

True

The enzyme responsible for adding glucose units to the growing glycogen chain during glycogenesis is called: a) Glucokinase b) Glycogen synthase c) Phosphorylase d) Glucose-6-phosphatase

Glycogen synthase

During glycogenesis, glucose-6-phosphate is converted to __________ before it can be incorporated into the glycogen chain. a) Glucose-1-phosphate b) Glucose-6-fructose c) Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate d) Glucose-6-phosphatase

Glucose-1-phosphate

Glycogenolysis is the process of breaking down __________ into glucose molecules. a) Glucose-6-phosphate b) Glycogen c) Glucose-1-phosphate d) Glucose-6-fructose

Glycogen

The main regulator of glycogenolysis is the hormone __________. a) Insulin b) Glucagon c) Cortisol d) Thyroxine

Glucagon

The enzyme __________ is responsible for converting glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate during glycogenolysis.

Phosphoglucomutase

The enzyme responsible for breaking down glycogen into glucose units during glycogenolysis is called: a) Glucokinase b) Glycogen synthase c) Phosphorylase d) Glucose-6-phosphatase

Phosphorylase

Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves glucose units from the glycogen chain through the addition of __________.

Inorganic phosphate

The shuttle responsible for transferring cytosolic NADH into the mitochondria during glycolysis is called the __________. a) Malate-Aspartate Shuttle b) Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle c) Pyruvate Shuttle d) Acetyl-CoA Shuttle

Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

The shuttle that operates in skeletal muscle and brain tissue is the __________. a) Malate-Aspartate Shuttle b) Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle c) Pyruvate Shuttle d) Acetyl-CoA Shuttle

Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle

In the Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle, cytosolic NADH donates electrons to __________, generating FADH2.

Glycerol 3-phosphate

Both the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle and Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle are important for generating ATP during glycolysis. True or false?

True

The Malate-Aspartate Shuttle transfers electrons by converting oxaloacetate to __________.

Malate

The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is an alternative metabolic pathway that branches off from __________. a) Glycolysis b) Citric acid cycle c) Gluconeogenesis d) Fatty acid synthesis

Glycolysis

The non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway involves the interconversion of __________. a) Glucose and fructose b) Glucose and galactose c) Pentose sugars and hexose sugars d) Pyruvate and lactate

Pentose sugars and hexose sugars

In the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate is converted to __________.

Ribulose-5-phosphate

The first phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is called the __________ phase. a) Oxidative b) Non-oxidative c) Glycolytic d) Reductive

Oxidative

The pentose phosphate pathway occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm of cells. True or false?

True