test 1 Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
2 core tenets of evolution
A
living things change over time, adaptations arise through natural selection
2
Q
what does evolution challenge?
A
the view of special creation
3
Q
what are the 5 verified conclusions about evolution right now
A
- organisms have changed thru time
- changes are gradual
- lineages are split by speciation
- all species have a common ancestor
- adaptations result from natural selection
4
Q
what causes biodiversity and adaptation
A
evolution!
5
Q
what is biodiveristy
A
number and kinds of living organisms in a given area
6
Q
what are the 2 meaning of adaptation
A
- a trait that increases an organism’s fitness
- evolutionary process that leads to such traits
7
Q
2 main areas of evolutionary study
A
- evolutionary history
- evolutionary mechanisms
8
Q
microevolution is…
A
studying evolutionary patterns and processes within species
9
Q
macroevolution is…
A
studying evolutionary patterns and processes among species
10
Q
goal of evolutionary history
A
analyze evolutionary relationships and patterns in relation to common ancestry
11
Q
what does an evolutionary tree do
A
represents genealogy info as a tree graph
12
Q
goal of the study of evolutionary mechanisms
A
to determine processes responsible for evolution
13
Q
how is the study of evolutionary mechanisms and history related to micro and macroevolution
A
mechs: focus mostly on micro (in pops)
history: focus on patterns in evolution b/w populations - macro
14
Q
what is the observational evolution study approach
A
describe and quantify
15
Q
what is the theoretical evolutionary study approach
A
develop models
16
Q
what is the comparative evolutionary study approach
A
obtain data from many species and analyze
17
Q
what is the experimental evolutionary study approach
A
manipulate a system to address a specific hypothesis
18
Q
what is a major property of scientific theories?
A
testable and falsifiable hypotheses
19
Q
why are there public doubts about evolution?
A
personal implications of evolution, violate religious texts, it’s a young concept
20
Q
who did the argument from design?
A
paley
21
Q
what is the watchmaker argument
A
if every part of something has a clear purpose/intent, there must’ve been a creator
22
Q
who was the first to provide a hypothesis for the causal mechanism of evolution
A
lamarck
23
Q
what did lamarck do
A
theory of inheritance of acquired characters (+ graph with the circles in a triangle)
24
Q
who disproved the theory of acquired characters?
A
weismann
25
what was the germplasm theory
inheritance is only by germ cells not somatic cells. somatic cells cannot change germ cells
26
who developed natural selection
darwin and wallace
27
what were darwin and wallace's major theses
all organisms have descended with modification from a common ancestor
natural selection is the process that led to evolution
28
where did darwin go for school
edinburgh
29
what was darwin's role on the hms beagle
intellectual companion (+naturalist) for captaion robert fitzroy
30
who were the 2 major inspirations for darwin
lyelle and malthus(principles of geology and population)
31
what is uniformitarianism
forces and processes that shape earth are uniform through time
32
what did uniformitarianism imply for darwin
the world was dynamic rather than static
changes build up, through the same mechanisms as in the past
33
what did darwin publish up until his book
wrote an essay on natural selection, linnean society presentation with wallace
34
what are the 3 requirements for natural selection
variation b/w individuals, heredity, fitness is variable in a given environment
IE natural selection is heritable variation in fitness
35
do individuals evolve?
no, populations do
36
is variation directional?
no, it's random
37
what does fitness depend on
the environment
38
what were darwin's 4 sources of evidence for evolution
geology, homology, biogeography, domestication
39
where did darwin spend most of his time
south america
40
what did darwin find in brazil
extinct mammal fossils
41
2 examples of a transitional fossil
tiktaalik roseae, fishapod
whale evolution
42
what are intermediate forms
transitional fossils linking features of diff organisms
43
fossils in younger strata incresingly...
resemble modern species in the same region
44
darwin's university
u of edinburgh
45
timeline for darwin's voyage
1831-1836
46
when was lyell's book published
1830
47
what implications did darwin conclude after reading lyell
1. dynamic world
2. changes are built up gradually
48
what month and year did darwin doubt the fixity of species
march 1837
49
when did darwin read malthus
sept 1838
50
when did darwin write his FIRST essay on natural selection?
1844
51
darwin timeline for writing his book
1856-1859
52
when did darwin and wallace present their thing collectively
1858 july
53
explain the moraxella bacteria example
90% developed antibiotic resistance to a drug in 15 years
54
when and where was the fishapod discovered
2006 in nunavut
55
what is homology
similarity of 2+ traits that's due to common ancestry
56
what is the bird example of homology
mainland comorants vs galapagos flightless comorants (vestigial structures)
57
what is the fish example of homology
surface-dwelling (gray) astynx mexicanus and cave-dwelling (pink) with no eyes
58
name vestigial structures in humans (4)
ear muscles, appendix, tailbone, goosebumps
59
estimate of number of genes shared across all forms of life
500
60
what are the most common shared genes (their function)
translation and transcription
61
what is a vestigial trait
trait with reduced or no function compared to the past
62
homologous structures have...
evolved to serve diff funcs
63
where are the flora and fauna from the G islands originally from
south america
64
what types of species (specific trait?) are present on the G islands
ones capable of long distance dispersal/good colonists
65
how did cacti get onto the G islands
by bird dispersal of their fruit seeds
66
how were tortoises on diff G islands diff
shell shapes + neck lengths
67
describe the recent study of the G island birds (species, purpose, people)
daphne major, check the reason, Dr Peter & Grant, princeton
68
what was special about australian flora and fauna
distinct adaptations, high endemism
69
australia has ____ radiations of species that are _____ with those of other continents
endemic, ecologically convergent
70
what is meant by the endemic australian biota
species native and only found in australia - many marsupials
71
how does geographical distance relate to species closeness
close = inc resemblance
72
examples of domestication of plants
teosinte and maize, darwins gardens
73
examples of domestication of animals
wolves and dogs, pigeons and funny pigeons
74
what is molecular evolution
evolution describing genomic DNA evidence
75
what is genotype vs genome
genetic constitution for a particular gene (e.g. Aa) vs the entirety of an organisms DNA
76
which 2/3 of the requirements of natural selection are relevant to genetics
variation and heredity (not fitness)
77
main 3 sources of genetic variation are...
mutation, independent assortment, recombination
78
name the 4 types of mutation
point, indel, changes in repeat number, chromosomal
79
what are possible effects of mutations (3)
silent, missense, nonsense
80
rate of mutation in humans (per base pair, per billion nucleotides)
16
81
rate of mutation per zygote
96
82
number of fitness-affecting mutations per genome per gen for: plant, mouse, roundworm, fruit fly, human
0.1-0.6, 0.91, 0.96, 1.2, 1.6-3
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example of a single mutation with profound effects for fruit flies
antp hox gene
84
example of a single mutation with profound effects for humans
G6PD
85
polymorphism is to DNA as ___ is to proteins and ___ is to phenotypes
allozymes, polyphenisms
86
ignore this
..
87
how many gamete combos are there in humans due to independent assortment
2^23
88
describe recombination
synapsis of bivalents (arms), crossing over at chiasmata
89
the 2 theories of heredity b4 mendel
preformatism (human in sperm/egg preformed)
theory of blenfded inheritance
90
main conclusions that mendel made
inheritance determined by discrete particles
offspring inherit 1 gamete from e/ parent at random
91
how many alleles do gametes have per gene
1
92
2 types of traits
continuous, discrete
93
primary pioneers for evolutionary synthesis
fisher, haldane, wright
94
co vs partial dominance
co = both expressed at the same time
partial = mixed
95
what are some things that affect quantitative traits
genome, environment,
96
how does natural selection act on the genetic aspect of discrete vs continuous variation
discrete- change in frequency of alleles
continuous- change in average trait value
97
what is particulate inheritance
the idea that genetic material is passed down as discrete "packets" (genes)
98
another name for evolutionary synthesis
population genetics
99
what did wright do
demonstrated the evolutionary significance of genetic variation
100
during what molecular process do mutations happen
replication
101
what is genetic drift
change in frequency of alleles due to random chance
102
genetic drift has a larger effect on ____ populations
small
103
does genetic drift inc or dec variation
dec
104
3 types of natural selection (related to schools of thought)
purifying/neg, directional/pos, balancing
105
does natural selection inc or dec variation
dec (except balancing)
106
what is fixation
when a polymorphic locus becomes monomorphic
107
what is a locus
a position on a chromosome where a specific gene is located
108
how can fixations occur
natural selection (directional) or genetic drift
109
does balancing selection inc or dec diversity
inc or retain genetic variation
110
does gene flow inc or dec diversity
inc w/i pop, dec b/w pop
111
2 measures of genetic variation
heterozygosity (H), polymorphism (P)
112
are all polymorphic loci also heterozygous ones
no
113
name 3 theories of maintaining variation
mutation-selection, selection-maintaining
114
what is mutation-selection
predominantly negative mutations that get selected out
115
what is selection maintaining variation
heterozygote advantage, diversity is favoured
116
who pioneered the classical school for prediction of amount of genetic variation
morgan and muller
117
pioneers of the balance school for prediction of amount of genetic variation
ford and dobzhansky
118
compare classical and balance schools in terms of polymorphisms
classical - low, balance - high
119
what are the 2 types of genetic markers
morphological (physical traits) and cytological (genetic features)
120
what did early studies of genetic variation/evidence focus on (experimental)
quantitative traits with artificial breeding
121
2 examples of early studies of quantitative genetic variation/evidence
bristle number in drosophilia melanogaster, selection response in maize
122
the electophoresis guy
richard lewontin
123
how did electrophoresis forward research in genetic variation
able to see directly the proportion of P and H in allozymes
124
what did first allozyme studies indicate
high genetic variation - found evidence for all 3 schools
125
neutral selection guy
motoo kimura
126
what is the neutral theory
neg selection eliminates detrimental mutations
pos selection fixes beneficial mutations
many mutations are neutral
127
who's alivia dey
compared DNA sequence diversity (big organisms = less diversity, small organisms = more diversity)
128
corn vs teosinte genetic diversity
corn has less bc of bottleneck
129
what was the arabidopsis lyrata example about
glaciated regions had lower DNA diversity
genetic drift followed recolonization
130
types of reproductive systems
sexual, asexual
131
types of sexual systems
dioecious, hermaphrodite
132
types of hermaphrodites
cross fertilization, self fertilization
133
what is transmission bias
due to meiosis, a sexually reproducing female will only pass on 50% of her genes to the next gen (as opp. to 100% for asex)
134
benefits of asex
female passes on more genes, maintain favourable combos of alleles, less energy for mating + finding mates, no males
135
benefits of sex
diff combos of alleles more common, eliminate harmful mutations faster, helpful in lottery models
136
what is the tangled bank hypothesis
sex inc diversity which is beneficial in competitive and variable environments
137
name the 2 lottery models
tangled bank, red queen
138
what is the red queen hypothesis
sex inc diversity which is beneficial in constantly changing environments
139
study related to tangled bank hypothesis
rotifer - sex inc for hetero env., sex dec for homo env.
140
asex species are usually where on phylogenies
at the tip - high extinction rate
141
types of asex
parthenogenesis, clonal propagation
142
which type of asex is more common in animals
parthenogenesis
143
what is parthenogenesis
embryo grows w/o fertilization
144
the species thought to be asex but probably isnt
bdelloid rotifers
145
2 types of mating patterns (not asex)
inbreeding and outbreeding
146
what is outcrossing
mating with someone else
147
how are gametes derived
meiotic reductive division
148
what is selfing
mating with yourself (not asex)
149
what's a method flowers use to minimize inbreeding
timing offset for diff flower maturation
150
what's are some methods animals use to minimize inbreeding
dispersal by 1 sex, delayed maturation, extra pair copulation, kin recognition
151
effects on the pop from inbreeding
inc homozygosity, dec H
152
not an effect of inbreeding
change in P, change in allele frequency
153
what is inbreeding depression
reduc of fitness of inbred offspring compared to outbred offspring
154
what are some effects of inbreeding depression
lower viability and fertility, change in allele frequencies
155
how much of H is lost per gen of inbreeding
50%
156
what is transmission advantage (selfing)
selfing variants can send out more genetic info (bc they have ovule + pollen)
157
example of inbreeding vs outcrossing
capsella rubella and capsella grandiflora
158
types of selection for quantitative traits (the graphs)
stabilizing, directional, disruptive
159
