test 2 (lec 9-15 + labs)

Question 1

ecology

Answer 1

the science of how organisms interact with each other and the environment

Question 2

latitudinal patterns describe…

Answer 2

how the sun heats the earth

Question 3

what is the main factor differentiating terrestrial biomes

Answer 3

latitude - latitudinal gradient

Question 4

what is the effect of thermal inertia on biomes

Answer 4

more thermal inertia = more temperate
less thermal inertia = more extreme

Question 5

adiabatic lapse rate

Answer 5

relationship b/w temperature drop and altitude gain

Question 6

weakest of: hadley, polar, ferrell

Answer 6

polar

Question 7

hurricanes are deflected east as…

Answer 7

they move away from the equator

Question 8

hurricanes are deflected west as…

Answer 8

they move towards the equator

Question 9

westerlies blow from __ to __

Answer 9

west to east

Question 10

latitude of westerlies

Answer 10

30N-60N, 30S-60S

Question 11

latitude of trade winds

Answer 11

0-30N, 0-30S

Question 12

latitude of polar easterlies

Answer 12

> 60N, >60S

Question 13

doldrum

Answer 13

low wind region near the equator

Question 14

horse latitudes

Answer 14

low wind regions near 30S and 30N

Question 15

coriolis effect

Answer 15

wind twists as it travels away/towards the equator

Question 16

cold water -> __ air and warm water -> ___ air

Answer 16

dry, moist

Question 17

current

Answer 17

packet of water in circulation patterns

Question 18

isoenzyme

Answer 18

enzymes encoded by 2+ loci

Question 19

allozyme

Answer 19

different allelic form of the same protein

Question 20

monomeric enzyme

Answer 20

composed of 1 polypeptide chain

Question 21

dimeric enzyme

Answer 21

composed of 2 polypeptide chains

Question 22

requirement of hardy weinberg equilibrium

Answer 22

no changes in the gene pool

Question 23

how do local adaptations affect speciation

Answer 23

speed up speciation

Question 24

allopatric speciation

Answer 24

caused by geographic isolation

Question 25

sympatric speciation

Answer 25

subpopulation evolves w/i an existing population

Question 26

reciprocal transplant study

Answer 26

change the environment of some individuals with the same genotype and see if their phenotypes change

Question 27

plasticity is usually an adaptation to...

Answer 27

unpredictable environments

Question 28

plasticity is most common in what type of organism

Answer 28

plants

Question 29

taxon

Answer 29

a single named taxonomic unit at any level

Question 30

binomial nomenclature

Answer 30

[genus], [species]

Question 31

phylogenetics

Answer 31

the study of evolutionary history of life using genetics

Question 32

clade

Answer 32

any piece of a phylogeny that includes a MRCA and all its descendants

Question 33

homoplasy

Answer 33

similarities b/w organisms are not due to common descent but due to convergent evolution

Question 34

systematics

Answer 34

study of biodiversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms

Question 35

nodes on a phylogenetic tree represent...

Answer 35

speciation events

Question 36

ingroup

Answer 36

the focal species in a phylogenetic study

Question 37

outgroup

Answer 37

a more distant relative of the ingroup

Question 38

role of outgroup

Answer 38

helps identify shared ancestral and shared derived traits

Question 39

monophyly

Answer 39

a group made up of an ancestor and all its descendants

Question 40

paraphyly

Answer 40

a group made of an ancestor and some (but not all) of its descendants

Question 41

polyphyly

Answer 41

a group that doesn't contain the most recent common ancestor of all members

Question 42

what's the speciation continuum

Answer 42

the process of species formation

Question 43

how does speciation relate to adaptive radiation

Answer 43

adaptive radiation promotes for speciation

Question 44

3 ways that pests can develop pesticide resistance

Answer 44

pre-existing genetic variation in the population, new mutations, gene flow

Question 45

solution to herbicide resistance

Answer 45

multi-herbicide treatment

Question 46

what features of the cell help prevent competition b/w cells

Answer 46

mitosis, meiosis, multicellularity

Question 47

what is meiotic drive

Answer 47

allele can bias its own transmission

Question 48

what do restorer alleles do

Answer 48

silence alleles that have biased transmission

Question 49

overreplication

Answer 49

the spread of transposable elements

Question 50

transition-selection balance

Answer 50

TEs that cause transposition that disrupts an important gene will be selected against

Question 51

examples of concepts of species

Answer 51

taxonomic, biological

Question 52

ernst mayr

Answer 52

distinguished reproductive isolation as a way to define a species

Question 53

biological concept of species

Answer 53

gene flow should be possible

Question 54

pre zygotic barriers

Answer 54

barriers that may prevent mating or prevent zygote formation

Question 55

post zygotic barriers

Answer 55

barriers to zygote fertility

Question 56

what is a mechanical zygotic barrier

Answer 56

genitalia incompatibility

Question 57

what is a cellular zygotic barrier

Answer 57

sperm can't penetrate the egg

Question 58

cause of intrinsic post zygotic barrier

Answer 58

genes in 2 populations are incompatible

Question 59

cause of extrinsic post zygotic barrier

Answer 59

mismatch in environment

Question 60

convection

Answer 60

heat transfer facilitated by a moving fluid

Question 61

ectothermy

Answer 61

internal temperature conforms to outside temperature

Question 62

endothermy

Answer 62

regulate internal temperature - doesn't always match outside temperature

Question 63

bergmann's rule

Answer 63

cold environment = larger species (lower SA/V ratio)

Question 64

allen's rule

Answer 64

hot environment = longer + thinner appendages (higher SA/V ratio)

Question 65

example of an objection to bergmann's rule

Answer 65

insulation

Question 66

how does fur/feather insulation work

Answer 66

creates dead air space that acts as an insulator

Question 67

countercurrent circulation

Answer 67

direct contact b/w veins and arteries

Question 68

evaporative cooling

Answer 68

evaporating water has a slight cooling effect, used in plants to prevent leaves from burning up

Question 69

purpose of microphylly

Answer 69

produces turbulent airflow and increases thermal inertia

Question 70

purpose of sclerophylly

Answer 70

nutrient efficiency, less likely to overheat

Question 71

laminar flow

Answer 71

stagnant air builds up, leaf more likely to heat up

Question 72

turbulent flow

Answer 72

more heat loss, enhanced CO2 access, better for leaves

Question 73

terrestrial biomes are determined by...

Answer 73

latitude

Question 74

what determines EM radiation distribuition

Answer 74

angle b/w surface of the earth and the sun

Question 75

evelyn hutchinson

Answer 75

origin of the ecological niche idea

Question 76

invasion steps

Answer 76

transport, establishment, spread, impact

Question 77

possible reasons for invasion failure

Answer 77

biological barriers (competition, predators), abiotic barriers

Question 78

transplant experiment

Answer 78

take organisms out of their habitat and see if they survive

Question 79

why does species isolation occur

Answer 79

lack of dispersal

Question 80

the earth rotates from...

Answer 80

west to east