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Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

the study of animals; includes structure, function, behavior, classification, and relationships with other organisms and environment

A

zoology

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2
Q

must eat something to obtain energy

A

heterotroph

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3
Q

what domain and kingdom do animals belong to?

A

domain: eukarya
kingdom: animal

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4
Q

what are the 4 things that define an animal?

A

heterotrophic, have a mobile stage, multicellular, and go through developmental stage called blastula

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5
Q

living species

A

extant

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6
Q

imminent danger of extinction throughout its range

A

endangered species

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7
Q

likely to become endangered in the future

A

threatened species

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8
Q

underlie all principles of zoology because its evolution explains relationships among animals and how animal diversity arose

A

evolutionary processes

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9
Q

essential to understanding zoological principles because interrelationships among animals and the environmental influence community structure

A

ecological processes

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10
Q

study of life

A

biology

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11
Q

what 3 things do all life forms share?

A

a common blueprint (DNA), common organizational units (cells), and common evolutionary forces that influence structure, function, habitat, and behavior of the life form

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12
Q

what are the 4 shared functions of all living organisms?

A

uptake and process nutrients, excrete wastes, respond to environmental stimuli, and reproduce

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13
Q

what are the 3 essential cell components?

A

DNA, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm

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14
Q

cell type that is small and simple, lacks a nucleus and organelles, DNA is not enclosed by organelle, usually with tough external cell wall

A

prokaryotic cell

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15
Q

cell type that is larger and more complex, has a nucleus and organelles, DNA is organized into chromatin in nucleus, external cell wall (plants and fungi) & animal cells lack external cell wall

A

eukaryotic cell

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16
Q

eukaryotic cell that lack cell walls and is heterotrophic

A

animal cell

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17
Q

eukaryotic cell that posses cell walls, autotropic, and central vacuoles for internal cellular support

A

plant cells

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18
Q

eukaryotic cell that is often more complex (i.e. more organelles) in order to carry out all of life within one cell

A

protist cells

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19
Q

cellular molecule that contains biological instructions; forms genetic code that is used in cellular respiration and transmission of inheritable information from parents to offspring

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of chromosomes?

A

sex chromosomes and autosomes

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21
Q

N= # of different sets of chromosomes; constant for a species, different among species, most animals have 2 sets (2N); > 2N, typically asexual

A

polidy

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22
Q

gametes of diploids are ______

A

haploid

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23
Q

2 stages of eukaryotic cell division

A

mitosis/meiosis & cytokinesis

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24
Q

division of nucleus

A

mitosis or meiosis

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25
division of cytoplasm
cytokinesis
26
somatic cell division
mitosis
27
gametic cell division
meiosis
28
sexual reproduction; 2 divisions w/ 4 phases each
meiosis
29
growth/repair, 1 division w/ 4 phases; asexual reproduction
mitosis
30
key framework for a scientific understanding of why and how organisms look and act the way they do
evolution
31
helps us understand how traits that differentiate groups of animals have originated and are maintained
evolution
32
genetic change of population over time
organic evolution
33
group of reproducing individuals of the same species
population
34
large scale population or species changes (typically over a long time frame); can result in speciation
macroevolution
35
formation of new species or extinction
speciation
36
smaller scale changes in population (typically over a short time frame)
microevolution
37
change in the frequency of alleles within a population over multiple generations
microevolution
38
the different forms of a particular gene (eye color, beak size, and blood type)
alleles
39
what are the 5 mechanisms that can lead to microevolution?
mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, sexual selection, natural selection
40
random change in DNA code
mutation
41
migration of individuals (and their alleles) in or out of a population
gene flow
42
change in allele frequency due to random chance
genetic drift
43
non random mating of individuals with more attractive alleles
sexual selection
44
survival or reproduction increased because of certain alleles
natural selection
45
change in the frequency of alleles within a population over multiple generations
microevolution
45
change in the frequency of alleles within a population over multiple generations
microevolution
46
the different forms of a particular gene (eye color, beak size, and blood type)
alleles
46
occurs without the presence of a physical barrier
sympatric speciation
47
what are the 5 mechanisms that can lead to microevolution?
mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, sexual selection, natural selection
47
study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals
biogeography
48
random change in DNA code
mutation
48
random change in DNA code
mutation
49
migration of individuals (and their alleles) in or out of a population
gene flow
49
migration of individuals (and their alleles) in or out of a population
gene flow
50
depict the relationships of ancestral species and modern descendants of a common ancestor
phylogenic trees
50
change in allele frequency due to random chance
genetic drift
51
_____ populations typically more genetically diverse than ____ populations
large, small
51
non random mating of individuals with more attractive alleles
sexual selection
52
gene flow out of population
emigration
52
changes in allele frequency will not occur if population size is ________, ______ in or out of population, mutations must not occur or be in ______, reproductive must be _______.
hardy-weinberg theorem; very large, no migration, equilibrium, random
53
disrupts the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
microevolutionary mechanisms
54
helps maintain genetic diversity and most are either neutral or detrimental
alleles
55
random events resulting in change in allele frequency; founder or bottleneck effect
genetic drift
56
occurs without the presence of a physical barrier
sympatric speciation
57
genetic drift that lost diversity of depleted population
bottleneck effect
58
study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals
biogeography
59
type of selection: sickle cell anemia
disruptive selection
60
type of selection: horseshoe crab, can withstand very drastic changes in the environment, with little change themself
stabilizing selection
61
structures that are similar because two organisms have common ancestry (anatomical, developmental, or molecular)
homologous
62
the evolutionary relationships among species which is assessed using anatomical, developmental, and molecular data
phylogeny
63
rates of change vary between molecules and structures, resulting in portions of individuals changing while other portions remain the same
mosaic evolution
64
new species arise when two groups become _________
reproductively isolated
65
_____ populations typically more genetically diverse than ____ populations
large, small
66
naming of an individual species
nomenclature
67
naming system using 2 latin or greek words to characterize each species
binomial nomenclature
68
person who used hierarchal categories (5) to organize similar species into larger groups in the mid 1700s
Karl von Linne
69
disrupts the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
microevolutionary mechanisms
70
traced groups to a single ancestral species
monophyletic
71
random events resulting in change in allele frequency; founder or bottleneck effect
genetic drift
72
genetic drift that reduces gene pool of colonizing individuals
founder effect
73
genetic drift that lost diversity of depleted population
bottleneck effect
74
type of selection: peppered moth changing from dark to light bc of change in tree bark
directional selection
75
type of selection: sickle cell anemia
disruptive selection
76
type of selection: horseshoe crab, can withstand very drastic changes in the environment, with little change themself
stabilizing selection
77
gradual change over millions of years
phyletic gradualism
78
rapid change due to change in environment
punctuated equilibrium
79
rates of change vary between molecules and structures, resulting in portions of individuals changing while other portions remain the same
mosaic evolution
80
new species arise when two groups become _________
reproductively isolated
81
the study of diversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms
systematics/taxonomy
82
naming of an individual species
nomenclature
83
simplest tissue level-organization; blind sac body plan (mouth only permanent opening), cells functionally interdependent, ectoderm-->epidermis, endoderm-->gastrodermis, between is mesoglea
diploblastic
84
person who used hierarchal categories (5) to organize similar species into larger groups in the mid 1700s
Karl von Linne
85
traced to separate ancestors
polyphyletic
86
traced groups to a single ancestral species
monophyletic
87
keeps rate of change slow because cells don't function when genetic changes occur too rapidly
evolutionary conservation
88
body cavity not entirely lined by mesoderm; "false" body cavity (pseudocoelom)
triploblastic psuedocoelomate
89
"false" body cavity
pseudocoelom
90
4 characteristics used for classification of higher animal taxa
symmetry, cellular levels of organization, embryonic development, and molting patterns
91
"true" body cavity
coelom
92
absence of a central point or axis around which a body parts are equally distributed
asymmetry
93
arrangement of body parts so that any plane passing through the central axis divides the animal into mirror images (circular plan)
radial symmetry
94
arrangement of body parts such that there is only 1 plane passing lengthwise along a central axis; divides animal into right and left mirror images, characteristic of actively moving animals, usually show cephalization
bilateral symmetry
95
formation of a distinct head
cephalization
96
single celled or colonial (aggregate); protozoa
unicellular (cytoplasmic)
97
body parts organized into layers derived from 2 embryonic tissue layers
diploblastic
98
tissues derived from 3 embryological layers
triploblastic
99
simplest tissue level-organization; blind sac body plan (mouth only permanent opening), cells functionally interdependent, ectoderm-->epidermis, endoderm-->gastrodermis, between is mesoglea
diploblastic
100
noncellular part of diploblastic
mesoglea
101
between ectoderm and endoderm
mesoderm
102
most have organ systems and are bilaterally symmetrical; organized into subgroups based on presence and type of body cavity (old system) or molting patterns (new systems)
triploblastic
103
tissues derived from mesoderm form solid mass of cells; no body cavity
triploblastic acoelomate
104
body cavity not entirely lined by mesoderm; "false" body cavity
triploblastic psuedocoelomate
105
"false" body cavity
pseudocoelom
106
body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm; "true" body cavity (coelom)
triploblastic coelomate
107
"true" body cavity
coelom
108
have spiral & determinate cleavage and form trochophore larvae; mouth forms first
protostomes
109
have radial & indeterminate cleavage and some form dipleurula larvae; anus forms first
deuterostomes
110
animals possess external cuticle and molt
lophotrochozoan
111
animals do not possess or molt external cuticle
ecdysozoan
112
considered more important in classification than type of coelom
molting of the external cuticle

Zoology (6 decks)

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