Test 2 Flashcards by Kaylee McGee

hypothesis where dividing protozoa remained together

colonial hypothesis

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hypothesis where plasma membranes formed in large, multinucleate protozoa

syncytial hypothesis

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thin, flat cells that line the outer surface of sponges

pinacocytes

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regulate water circulation

porocytes

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jelly like layer below pinacocytes; specialized for reproduction secreting skeletal elements transporting and storing food, and forming contractile rings around openings in sponge wall

mesohyl

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collar cells that lie below the mesohyl and line the inner chamber; create water currents and filter food particles from the water

choanocytes

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needle like, made of calcium carbonate or silica

spicules

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fibrous protein made of collagen

spongin

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transport food to other cells

mesenchyme cells

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produce both sperm and egg

monoecious

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capsules of amoeboid cells that resist freezing and drying

gemmules

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blind cavity with a single opening (mouth); used for digestion, exchange of gases and metabolic wastes, and discharge of gametes (through mouth)

gastrovascular cavity

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tissue level of organization where epidermis and gastrodermis separated by jellylike mesoglea

diploblastic

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specialized cells used in defense, feeding, and attachment

cnidocytes

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discharge tubes armed with spines and toxin; some cnidocytes contain these

nemotocysts

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mostly asexual, sessile; cylindrical, with mouth surrounded by tentacles

polyp

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dioecious (separate sexes), free-swimming; bell shaped, with mouth and tentacles facing downward

medusa

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water filled gastrovascular cavity serves as contractile cells that work against water in the cavity to give the body shape

hydrostatic skeleton

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small sac surrounding a calcium carbonate statolith to detect tilting

statocyst

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separate males and females

dioecious

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ciliated free swimming larva that attached to a substrate and develops into a polyp

planula

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mostly acellular, epidermal or gastrodermal cells are found here in other classes

mesoglea

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invagination of body wall that leads to gastrovascular cavity

pharynx

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membranes that bear cnidocytes and gonads and divide the cavity into sections

mesenteries

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asexual reproduction in which a piece of the pedal disk develops into a new polyp

pedal laceration

algae that reside in the epidermis or gastrodermis of corals

zooxantellae

bands of cilia used for swimming

comb rows

adhesive cells on tentacles

colloblasts

primitive

protostomes

advances

deuterostomes

spongy mass of undifferentiated mesoderm cells around viscera, muscles, or epithelia

parenchyma

also known as asexual reproduction

fragmentation

also called monoecious with complex reproductive system

hermaphroditic

similar salt concentration

osmotic equilibrium

saltier than environment

hypertonic

maintain balance of water and salts

osmoregulate

network of tubules along the length of the body in parenchyma tissue

protonephridia

tiny, hollow enlargements at the tips of branched tubules with beating cilia that create negative pressure

flame cells

primitive brain

cerebral ganglia

sensory lobes

auricles

eye sports that enable animal to respond to environment cues

ocelli

receptor that is stimulated by the presence of certain chemical substances

chemoreceptor

posterior attachment of organs

opisthaptor

attach to gills of fish

ectoparasites

continuous layer of fused cells that is efficient at absorbing nutrients and resisting immune system of hosts

tegument

are highly specialized that are in vertebrae digestive systems

endoparasites

long series of repeating reproductive units

proglottids

holdfast structure containing system of suckers and sometimes hooks

scolex

immature proglottids

neck

series of proglottids which produce eggs when mature

strobila

long extendable thing for feeding sometimes tipped with a barb

proboscis

all females that lay unfertilized eggs

parthenogenetic

false body cavity

pseudocoelom

the use of body cavity fluids to provide support

hydostatic skeleton

protective noncellular thing that covers the body

cuticle

number of cells is constant for each organ and the entire animal in all individuals of a given species

eutely

protected by an external case of thickened cuticle

lorica

ciliated organs around the head used for food gathering

corona

true body cavity

coelom

tongue like rasping structure in the mouth that scrapes food off substrate

radula

contains organs of digestion, circulation, reproduction, and excretion

visceral mass

body partially or completely enclosed by fold of tissue

mantle

excrete nitrogenous wastes filtered from blood into mantle cavity

nephridia

larvae in most aquatic molluscs that are free swimming

trochophore

larvae forms next in snails and clams; first shell

veliger

bright colorations that serve as a warning that an animal is noxious or inedible

aposematic coloration

180 degree twist of visceral mass, mantle, and mantle cavity; positions gills, anus, and reproductive and excretory openings behind head; twists digestive tract into U shape

torsion

covering in many snails on the foot that closes the shell when inside

operculum

reaches the substrate to inhale oxygenated water in burrowing forms

siphon tube

gas exchange structure in snails

pulmonate lung

blood under pressure moves some structures (extends tentacles)

hydraulic skeleton

used to locate food

chemoreceptors

soft body in a 2 valve shell that are closed by 2 abductor muscles

laterally compressed

type of feeding important environmentally by removing pollutants and sediment

filter feeding

has an esophagus, stomach, and intestine

complete digestive system

a nerve ending that is sensitive to light energy

photoreceptors

larval stage that is parasitic on fish gills

glochidia

increase blood flow and very efficient

systematic heart and branchial hearts

pigment cells that enable color change

chromatophores

males transfers sperm in packets to females

spermatophores

special tentacle used in transferring sperm packets to females

hectocotylus

sponges

P porifera

phylum containing jellyfish, hydra, anemones, coral

P cnidaria

contains classes hydrozoa, scyohozoa, cubozoa, staurozoa, and anthozoa

P cnidaria

true jelly fish

C scyphozoa

related to jelly fish, sea wasp

C cubozoa

stalked jelly fish

C staurozoa

sea anemones and corals

C anthozoa

phylum containing sea walnuts and comb jellies

P ctenophora

phylum containing acoels

P acoelomorphia

phylum containing flatworms

P platyhelminthes

contains classes turbellaria, monogenea, trematoda, and cestoidea

P platyhelminthes

phylum containing proboscis or ribbon worms

P nemertea

phylum containing gastrotrichs or meiofauna

P gastrotricha

phylum containing cycliophorans or symbions

P cycliophora

phylum containing rotifers

P rotifera

phylum containing spiny headed worms

P acenthocephala

form of symmetry where any plane passing through the axis divides an organism into mirror images

radial symmetry

planarians

C turbellaria

monogenetic flukes

C monogenea

digenetic flukes

C trematoda

tapeworms

C cestoidea

subkingdom level of classification that are non molting protomstomes

lophotrochozoa

the organism in the life cycle of a parasite that harbors an immature stage of the parasite and where asexual reproduction usually occurs

intermediate host

has three tissue levels: ectoderm, mesoderm. and endoderm

triploblastic

contains classes gastropoda, bivalvia, and cephalopoda

P mollusca

snails and slugs

C gastopoda

clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops

C bivalvia

octopus, squid, and nautilus

C cephalopoda

body region of a mollusc that contains the head and is responsible for locomotion as well as retracting the visceral mass into the shell

head-foot

the space between the mantle and the visceral mass of molluscs

mantle cavity

blood is not confined to vessels in part of its circuit; blood bathes tissues in blood sinuses

open circulatory system

humans contract directly via penetration in water; adults live in blood stream; snail is only intermediate host; fluke

schistosoma

without a body cavity

acoelomate

two planes of symmetry

bilateral symmetry

development of a head with an accumulation of nervous tissue into a brain

cephalization

a fluid filled body cavity lined by mesoderm

coelomate

Test 2 Flashcards

(117 cards)