Test 1 Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is the major function of the Application layer?
Facilitates user interaction with the network
What is the major function of the Transport layer?
Provides end-to-end communication services
What is the major function of the Internet layer?
Handles routing of packets across networks
What is the major function of the Network access layer?
Controls how data is physically sent over the network
What is the major function of the Physical layer?
Transmits raw bitstreams over a physical medium
What is a protocol?
A set of rules governing communication between devices
What is a protocol data unit (PDU)?
The specific format of data at each layer of the network
What is TCP/IP?
A suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices
What are some advantages to layering as seen in the TCP/IP architecture?
- Simplifies network design
- Facilitates interoperability
- Allows for modular engineering
Does all traffic running on the Internet use TCP?
False
Compare the address space between IPv4 and IPv6. How many bits are used in each?
IPv4 uses 32 bits, IPv6 uses 128 bits
Differentiate between guided media and unguided media.
Guided media uses physical paths for signal transmission, unguided media uses air or vacuum
Differentiate between an analog and a digital electromagnetic signal.
Analog signals are continuous, digital signals are discrete
What are three important characteristics of a periodic signal?
- Amplitude
- Frequency
- Phase
How many radians are there in a complete circle of 360 degrees?
2π radians
What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of a sine wave?
They are inversely related
Define fundamental frequency.
The lowest frequency of a periodic waveform
What is the relationship between a signal’s spectrum and its bandwidth?
Bandwidth is the range of frequencies in the spectrum of the signal
Direct
What is attenuation?
The reduction in signal strength during transmission
Define channel capacity.
The maximum data rate that can be transmitted over a channel
What key factors affect channel capacity?
- Bandwidth
- Signal-to-noise ratio
- Encoding method
List and briefly define important factors that can be used in evaluating or comparing the various digital-to-digital encoding techniques.
- Efficiency: How well it uses bandwidth
- Error resilience: Ability to recover from errors
- Complexity: Difficulty of implementation
What is differential encoding?
A method of encoding where the signal represents changes between states rather than absolute values
Explain the difference between NRZ-L and NRZI.
- NRZ-L: Signal level represents the bit value
- NRZI: Signal change represents the bit value