Test 1 Flashcards
(152 cards)
0
Q
_____ is used during aerobic respiration to produce ATP
A
O2
1
Q
All living cells of the body require ___ and produce ____
A
Oxygen (O2) / carbon dioxide (CO2)
2
Q
The breakdown of glucose in the presence of O2 occurs during ___ respiration.
A
Aerobic
3
Q
____ is the energy source of cells
A
ATP
4
Q
Aerobic respiration makes ___ to ___ molecules of ATP
A
36 to 38
5
Q
____ Is produced during respiration; combined with body water to form carbonic acid
A
CO2
6
Q
Carbonic acid helps maintain blood ___
A
pH
7
Q
The ____ system allows exchange of gases between air and blood
A
Respiratory
8
Q
The ____ system transports/ carries gases between the lungs and the cells of the body
A
Cardiovascular
9
Q
The entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body
A
Respiration
10
Q
Movement of air in and out of the lungs, commonly known as breathing or ventilation
A
Respiration
11
Q
The exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood is called ___ respiration
A
External
12
Q
The exchange of gases between the blood and body cells is called ___ respiration
A
Internal
13
Q
Oxygen utilization and production of carbon dioxide by the body cells is called ____ respiration
A
Cellular
14
Q
The nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are all organs found in the _____ system
A
Respiratory
15
Q
Organs of the head and neck (nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx) are part of the ____ respiratory tract
A
Upper
16
Q
Organs of the thorax (larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs) are part of the ____ respiratory tract
A
Lower
17
Q
This facial structure is covered by skin, and is supported internally by muscle, bone and cartilage
A
Nose
18
Q
The ____ contains hairs that prevent entry of large particles carried in the air
A
Nose
19
Q
The hollow space behind the nose is known as the ____ ____.
A
Nasal cavity
20
Q
The ___ cavity extends from external nares (nostrils) to internal nares (choanae).
A
Nasal
21
Q
This cavity is lined with mucous membranes rich in mucous secreting goblet cells
A
Nasal cavity
22
Q
This structures: warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air, detects odors
A
Nasal cavity
23
Q
This structure produces mucous that entraps dust and other small particles entering with air
A
Nasal cavity
24
The mucous membrane of this structure helps prevent respiratory infections
Nasal cavity
25
The adverse effects that cigarettes have on the respiratory system are loss of ____ and cleansing of ____
Cilia / mucous
26
These air filled spaces located within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones of the skull
Sinuses
27
____ open into the nasal cavity and also lined with mucous membrane
Sinuses
28
T or F. Mucous is also secreted from the sinuses
True
29
The functions of this structure include: reduction of the skull weight and they serve as a resonate chamber that affects the quality of the voice
Sinuses
30
also called the throat; located posterior to the oral cavity, between the larynx and nasal cavity
Pharynx
31
This structure has 3 subdivisions: 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx
Pharynx
32
T or F. The pharynx Aids in producing the sound of speech
True
33
T or F. The larynx is the passageway for both air and food
False. The pharynx is the passageway for both air and food
34
T or F. The nasal cavity is also known as the voice box
False. The larynx is the voice box
35
It's primary function is to prevent food and drink from entering the air passage
Larynx
36
The ____ is the most superior part of the larynx. It projects as a free flap towards the tongue
Epiglottis
37
During ____, the opening into the larynx is covered by the epiglottis
Swallowing
38
This structure directs food and drink into the esophagus
Larynx
39
The ____ is attached to thyroid cartilage, which is the largest of laryngeal cartilage
Larynx
40
This structure consists of 9 cartilages
Larynx
41
The ____ is the only larynx cartilage that is elastic, not hyaline cartilage
Epiglottis
42
The epiglottis, cricoid, and the thyroid are unpaired cartilages found in the ____
Larynx
43
The ____ Or "Adam's apple" which is more prominent in men than women are cartilage found in the ___
Thyroid / larynx
44
The arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform are paired cartilages found in the ____
Larynx
45
The intrinsic muscle and extrinsic muscles are associated with the ___
Larynx
46
These muscles operate the vocal cords
Intrinsic
47
The ___ muscles connect the larynx to the hyoid bone and elevate the larynx during swallowing
Extrinsic
48
T or F. The interior wall of the larynx has four folds or ligaments
False. It has 2.
49
T or F. The vestibular fold is superior and also called false vocal cords
True
50
This structure plays a role in speech and closes the glottis during swallowing
Vestibular folds
51
T or F. The inferior folds are called the vocal cord folds or true vocal cords
True
52
This structure produces sound when air passes between them
Inferior folds/ vocal cord folds/ true vocal cords
53
An inflammation of this structure is called laryngitis
Larynx
54
The ___ is also known as the windpipe
Trachea
55
It is a flexible cylindrical tube
Trachea
56
Within the trachea wall are ___ to ___ C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, some which you can palpate between your larynx and sternum
16 to 20
57
The open ends of hyaline cartilage face posteriorly and the gaps between their ends are filled with ____ muscle and ____ tissue
Smooth / connective
58
The smooth muscle in the trachea is called ___
Trachealis
59
The mucous membrane lining the trachea consists of __________ ciliated columnar epithelium with many goblets
Pseudostratified
60
The cartilaginous rings prevent the trachea from _____ and ____ the airway
Collapsing and blocking
61
Blocking of the trachea can cause ____ and can lead to death
Asphyxiation
62
Asphyxiation can lead to death if not corrected by a process called ____
Tracheostomy
63
At the inferior end, the trachea divides to form two small tubes called the left and right ____ ____.
Primary bronchus
64
The bronchial tree consists of branched airways extending from the primary bronchus to _____ ____ numbering about 65k and finally to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs called _____
Terminal bronchioles / alveoli
65
Alveoli walls are composed of ____ ___ epithelium
Simple squamous
66
A short distance after entering the helium, the primary bronchus divides into ____ bronchi; with ____ secondary bronchi in the Right lung and ____ secondary bronchi in the left lung
Secondary bronchi / 3 / 2
67
Each lobe of the lung has or is supplied by a ____ bronchus
Secondary
68
Each secondary bronchus divides into tertiary bronchi. There are ____ tertiary bronchi in the right and ____ tertiary bronchi in the left lung.
10 / 8
69
The division after tertiary bronchi are the ____, which divides into __ to ___ terminal bronchioles.
Bronchioles / 50 to 80
70
The terminal bronchiole have ___ but they lack ___ cells
Cilia / goblet
71
Each terminal bronchiole divides into two or more _____ bronchioles
Respiratory
72
Respiratory bronchioles divide into 2 to 10 elongated thin walled passages called ___ ____.
Alveolar ducts
73
The alveolar ducts finally end in ____ ___, which are grape like clusters of alveoli which never 150 million in each human lung
Alveolar sac
74
The ___ are the sites where gas exchanges between the air in the lungs and blood take place
Alveoli
75
The wall of the ____ consists of different cells such as squamous alveolar cells, great alveolar cells, and alveolar macrophages
Alveolus
76
The principal organs of respiration and are ping the largest organs of the body
Lungs
77
They are conical shaped with base side resting on the diaphragm and the apex extends superiority to the clavicle
Lungs
78
The ___ receives the bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves through it's hilium
Lungs
79
The left lung is a little smaller than the right and has an indentation called ____ ___.
Cardiac impression
80
The right lung weighs about ___g where the left weighs about ___ g
620g / 560g
81
Serous membranes that cover the surface of the lungs
Pleura
82
Lung expansion in response to movement of the diaphragm and the chest wall, depends on the movements of the ___ ____.
Pleural membranes
83
The two pleural membranes are the _____ pleura and the ____ pleura
Visceral and parietal
84
the _____ pleural attaches to the surface of each lung
Visceral
85
At the hilium, ____ pleura turns back on itself and forms the ___ pleura
Visceral / parietal
86
A thin space filled with _____ fluid separates the two pleural membranes
Serous
87
The _____ membranes help to expand the lungs in all directions
Pleural
88
Muscles for ____ are the diaphragm, external intercostal, pectoralis minor, scalenes, and the sternocleisomastoid.
Inspiration (inhale)
89
Muscles for _____ are the abdomen and intercostal.
Expiration (exhale)
90
T or F. A resting adult breathes 10-16 times per min, inhaling about 500 ml, and exhaling the same volume of air
True
91
T or F. Normal air pressure equals 760 mm of mercury (mmHg)
True
92
Inhale or exhale: Air flows into the lungs when thoracic pressure falls below atmospheric pressure
Inhale
93
Inhale or exhale: air is forced out when thoracic pressure rises above atmospheric pressure
Exhale
94
The _____ does most of the work during respiration
Diaphragm
95
The ____ is located just inferior to the lungs
Diaphragm
96
This structure is dome shaped at rest, but when stimulated by the phrenic nerve, it moves down and the thoracic cavity enlarges
Diaphragm
97
The intra alveolar pressure falls about 2 mmHg below atmospheric pressure. This decreased pressure causes air to be forced ___ the airways
Into
98
While the diaphragm is ____ and moving downward, the external intercostal muscle and certain thoracic muscles may be stimulated
Contracting
99
Contraction of the diaphragm increases the size of the _____ cavity even more
Thoracic
100
Dimension of thoracic cavity is also known as _____
Size
101
The pleural membranes help to ____ the lungs
Expand
102
Certain alveolar cells synthesize a mixture of lipoproteins called ____
Surfactant
103
Surfactant secreted Into the alveolar air space reduces the alveoli tendency to ____
Collapse
104
A measure of the ease with which the lungs can expand as a result of pressure changes that occur during breathing
Compliance
105
In a normal lung, compliance ____ as lung volume increases
Decreases
106
Conditions that obstruct air passages, destroys lung tissue, or impedes lung expansion decrease ____
Compliance
107
Inspiration requires a muscular effort and therefore an expenditure of ____ and calories
ATP
108
One inspiration plus an expiration is called a _____ cycle
Respiratory
109
Measures the amount of air that enters or leaves during a respiratory cycle
Tidal volume (TV)
110
During a resting inspiration or expiration, the TV is about ____
500ml
111
The amount if air inhaled per minute is called the ____ ____ or minute respiratory volume (MRV)
Minute ventilation (MV)
112
MV largely determines ______ ventilation rate
Alveolar
113
T or F. normal expiration during quiet breathing is an energy saving passive process that requires little muscular contraction
True
114
____ is achieved by elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage, that is the tendency to return to their original states when released by tension
Expiration
115
T or F. In relaxed breathing, inspiration usually lasts about 2 secs and expiration about 3 secs
True
116
The process of measuring volumes of air is called ____, which describes 4 respiratory volumes
Spirometery
117
The device used to measure the pulmonary volumes of air is called ____
Spirometer
118
It's is the volume in addition to Tidal Volume that enters lungs during forces inspiration. It measures about 3000ml
Inspiration reserve volume (IRV)
119
It is the volume in addition to tidal volume that leaves lungs during forced expiration. It measures about 1600ml
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
120
It is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after most forceful expiration. It measures about 1200ml
Residual volume (RV)
121
T or F. RV remains in the lungs all the time and prevents o2 and co2 concentrations in the lungs from fluctuating greatly with each breath
True
122
It is the sum of IRV, TV, and ERV. It is maximum volume of air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after maximum inspiration. It's about 4600ml
Vital capacity (VC)
123
It is TV + IRV, which is the amount of air that a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration. It is about 3500ml
Inspiration capacity (IC)
124
It is ERV+RV, which is the amount of air that a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration. It is about 2300ml
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
125
It is VC+ RV or IRV + ERV + TV+ RV. It is about 5800ml
Total lung capacity (TLC)
126
Once o2 diffuses across the respiratory membrane into the blood, most if it (98.5%) combines with hemoglobin to form a compound called _______
Oxyhemoglobin
127
O2 and CO2 are exchanged across the respiratory membrane by a process called _____
Osmosis
128
______ transports o2 from the lung capillaries through the blood vessels to tissue capillaries, where some o2 is released
Hemoglobin
129
The o2 diffuses from the blood tissue cells, where it is used in ______ respiration
Aerobic
130
Cells produce ___ during aerobic metabolism and Co2 diffuses from cells into the tissue capillaries
CO2
131
Once CO2 enters the blood, it is transported, dissolved in the plasma, in combination with hemoglobin and in the form of _______ ions
Bicarbonate
132
The PO2 determines the amount of o2 that combines with ____
Hemoglobin
133
The ____ the PO2, the more o2 that combines with hemoglobin
Higher
134
As po2 decreases, o2 is released from _____ molecules and this takes place in tissues where cells have used o2 in respiration
Oxyhemoglobin
135
____ in PCO2, acidity, and temp also lead to increase release of o2 from oxyhemoglobin
Increase
136
Carbonic acid, carbamino compound, and dissolved gas are forms of ____ transport
Co2
137
The most important co2 transport mechanism involves the formation of bicarbonate ions ___
Hco3
138
Co2 combines with H20 to form carbonic acid and the reaction is sped up by an enzyme called ____ ___ synthesized by Red blood cells
Carbonic anhydrase
139
T or F. The carbonic acid produced, disassociates almost immediately, releasing H+ and HCO3
True
140
About ____ co2 is transported in the form of HCO3-
70%
141
About 15-25% of co2 bonds with the amino (-NH3) groups of the hemoglobin to form _______
Carbaminohemoglobin
142
Co2 does not compete with o2 because they bind to _____ at different sites
Hemoglobin
143
____ bonds to hememoiety and ___ binds to blood protein
O2 / co2
144
The remaining ____% of co2 is carried in blood as dissolved ___
7% / gas
145
The amount of co2 that dissolves in plasma is determined by _____
Pco2
146
T or F. The higher the PCO2 of the tissue, the more co2 will go into a solution
True
147
T or F. The max ventilation rate drops about 50% from the ages 20-70
True
148
The vital capacity drops to about___ by the age of 70yrs because of a decreased ability to fill the lungs
33%
149
Gas exchange across the respiratory membrane is reduced as we get older because part of the alveolar wall is ___, which decreases the surface area available for gas exchange
Lost
150
T or F. Decrease diffusion of gases within the alveolar walls happens when we become older
True
151
T or F. The VC, MVR and gas exchange are decreased with age
True
