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MICRB 410 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Robert Koch

A

Germ Theory of Disease

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1
Q

Edward Jenner

A

vaccine for smallpox

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2
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

rabies vaccine

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3
Q

Eli Methcnikoff

A

phagocytosis

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4
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

antibodies

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5
Q

innate immune system

A

nonspecific, anatomical, and physical barriers; prevent entry of microorganisms

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6
Q

adaptive immune system

A

developed during the lifetime of the individual; specific infection

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7
Q

Why the skin is prohibitive to microbes

A

dry; low pH of 5; not as warm as internal temp; microbes can’t break down keratin; sheds frequently; keratinocytes can make anti-microbial peptides

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8
Q

Antimicrobial peptides

A

cationic (+) and attracted to bacteria; disrupt membrane function by poking holes

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9
Q

defensins

A

small peptide; 6 key Cysteine residues form B-sheet structure; alpha-neutrophils, beta-epithelia, keratinocytes

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10
Q

cathelicidins

A

short peptide; attracted to the negative charge of LPS

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11
Q

polarized apical side

A

external

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12
Q

polarized basolateral side

A

internal

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13
Q

tight junctions

A

transmembrane proteins that mediate close contact between cells

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14
Q

2 loop stronger tight junctions

A

occludins; claudin

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15
Q

1 junction weaker tight junctions

A

JAM; CAR

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16
Q

ZO-1

A

attaches tight junctions to the actin cytoskeleton

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17
Q

mucins

A

long linear structure comprised of tandem repeats, Serine and Theronine rich with some Cysteine

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18
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucins

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19
Q

O-glycans

A

Makes a branched network for the mucins

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20
Q

Zymogens

A

Must be cleaved to be active; factor B

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21
Q

complement system

A

composed of a large number of plasma proteins working together to destroy bacteria

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22
Q

classical pathway

A

activated by the presence of antibodies bound to the microbe

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23
Q

lectin pathway

A

activated when a host serum protein binds to microbial sugars

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24
alternative pathway
ptoteins bind directly to normal cell wall or surface components
25
C3 and Factor B
binds to make C3(H2)B
26
C3 and Factor D
cleaves factor B to make C3(H2O)Bb
27
C3 convertase (alternative)
C34(H2O)Bb; cleaves C3 into C3A and C3B
28
C3b
binds to any amino or hydroxyl bond found on surface of MANY cells; recognized by phagocytic cells
29
properdin
low-levels in healthy individuals; stabilizes C3b complex
30
decay-accelerating factor (DAF)
found on most human cells; competes with factor B so it can't bind to C3
31
membrane cofactor of proteolysis (MCP)
works with Factor I to cleave C3b off cell surface
32
opsonization
marking a pathogen for ingestion and destruction
33
C5 convertase (alternative)
(C3b)2Bb
34
C3bBb
starts chain reaction that coats the outside of the pathogen with C3
35
C3a
chemokine that lets the neutrophils know where the site of infection is; induces blood vessel constriction; affects endothelial cells to make room for diffusion
36
C5
attaches to (C3b)2Bb and is cleaved into C5a and C5b
37
C5b
perpetuates complement pathway; binds to C6 and C7
38
C5a
same as C3a; the most potent mediator; binds to endothelial cells to pluck neutrophils out; upregulates complementary receptors on neutrophils
39
C6 and C7
bind to C5b
40
C5b67
complex binds to membrane
41
C8
binds to C5b67 complex and inserts into cell membrane
42
C9
molecules bind to the C5b678 complex and forms a pore
43
Membrane Attack Complex
forms a pore consisting of 10-16 C9 molecules and disrupts selectively permeable membrane
44
S protein clusterin and Factor J
both interfere with C5b67 complex
45
CD59
prevents C9 from binding
46
reticuloendothelial system
network of fibers in the basal lamina and interconnects adjacent cells to underlying ground tissue surrounding all organs
47
common lymphoid progenitor
acquired immune system and NK cells
48
common myeloid progenitor
granulocytes, platelets, RBC
49
bone marrow
where blood cells are produced; central bones and skull in an adult
50
Where are B-cells produced?
bone marrow
51
Where are T-cells produced?
thymus
52
thymus
produces T-cells and changes in size as aging
53
lymph node
prime site for dendritic cells; antigens passed onto B and T-cells
54
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
secondary lymphoid organ
55
spleen
filter for the blood
56
monocyte
only found in the blood; after finding a tissue, they mature into a macrophage
57
macrophage
see infection first; multiple rounds of phagocytosis
58
What is puss?
dead neutrophils
59
pathogen associated molecular patterns
found on bacteria and viruses
60
Toll-like receptors
family of 10; single-passage transmembrane protein; extracellular region recognizes flagellin; Leucine-rich repeat domains
61
NOD-like receptors
similar to Toll-like but have centrally located nucleotide binding oligomerization domain; bound to caspase recruitment domain
62
cytokine
autocrine or paracrine signaling; IL-1B, TNF-a, IL-6
63
chemokine
chemical attractants
64
Neutrophil Extravasation 1
selectin binds the neutrophils' sialyl-Lewis group; rolling adhesion
65
Neutrophil Extravasation 2
ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 bind to LFA-1 on WBC; CXCL8 binds to CXR-1 and 2 and allows a stronger bond to LFA-1
66
Neutrophil Extravasation 3
LFA-1 interacts with PECAM and pulls the neutrophil through
67
Neutrophil Extravasation 4
movement through basement membrane; produces metaloproteases to eat through
68
Neutrophil Extravasation 5
CXCL8 acts as bread crumbs for other neutrophils to follow
69
N-formyl-Met receptor
on neutrophils to detect bacteria
70
primary granules of neutrophils
myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, defensins, proteases
71
secondary granules of neutrophils
lactoferin (chelates iron), components for NADPH Oxidase
72
lactoferin
chelates iron
73
NADPH Oxidase
multiprotein complex that produces reactive oxygen species
74
tertiary granules of neutrophils
gelatinase
75
what is the trigger for the cytosolic copmonent of NADPH Oxidase
C5A and signaling through formyl-Met receptor
76
respiratory burst
increase of oxygen in cell to make reactive oxygen species
77
catalase
produced to neutralize the reactive oxygen species
78
netosis
programmed cell death for neutrophil; nucleus swells, chromatin fragmented and expelled in a net, histones attract antimicrobial peptides and proteases
79
endogenous pyrogens
IL-6, TNF-a, IL-1B; raise body temperature by producing prostaglandin E2
80
prostaglandin E2
affects hypothalmus, increase temp., vasoconstriction, decrease heat loss through skin
81
acute phase response
changes protein profile in liver hepatocytes
82
surfactant proteins A and D
help recognize foreign cells by coating surface
83
serum amyloid A
recruitment of neutrophils
84
Mannose-binding lectin
recognize mannose conformations that are not native to us
85
oligomerized unit
monomers have a collagen-like domain and a globular lectin domain; form trimers then oligomers (2-6 trimers)
86
MASP2
activated once the unit oligomerizes; cleaves C4 and C2
87
C3 convertase (lectin)
C4bC2a
88
C5 convertase (lectin)
C4bC2aC3
89
C4a
inflammatory cytokine
90
ficolin
initiate lectin pathway; fibrinegin-like domain and collagen-like domain
91
fibrinegin-like domain of ficolin
binds acetylated sugars within lipoteichoic acid
92
three things out of compliment response
inflammatory response, opsonization, pore (membrane attack complex)
93
C reactive protein
looks like an anti-body (IgM); binds to phosphocholine in LPS
94
C1q
activates C1r
95
C1r
activates C1s
96
C1s
cleaves C4 and C2

MICRB 410 (5 decks)

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