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MICRB 410 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

RIG-1-like receptors

A

recognizes viral RNA, not DNA; RNA helicase domain and 2 CARD domains; binds to Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein

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2
Q

Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein

A

what RIG-1 binds to; causes helicase-like domain to dimerize

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3
Q

IRF3

A

phosphorylated once RNA helicase-like domain dimerized; transcripture factor for IFN-B genes

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4
Q

NFkB

A

factors for cytokines activated once RNA helicase-like domain dimerizes

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5
Q

Effects of IFN-B

A

autocrine and paracrine signaling

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6
Q

oligoadenylate synthetase

A

triggers endoribonuclease to viral genome

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7
Q

protein-kinase R

A

inhibits initiation factor for translation of IEF-2

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8
Q

IFN-a

A

actvates NK cells

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9
Q

lymphocytes

A

T-cells, B-cells, NK cells

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10
Q

Difference between NK cells and T-cells

A

don’t have to grow before proliferation; NK cells expresses CD56 and lacks CD3

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11
Q

NK cells: CD56 dim

A

better killers; found more in blood

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12
Q

NK cells: CD56 bright

A

found more in tissues

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13
Q

IL-12

A

binds to IL12RB-1 and 2 and activates NK cell

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14
Q

IL-15

A

doesn’t leave macrophage surface and activates NK cell

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15
Q

How does an NK cell assist in macrophage phagocytosis?

A

assists in respiratory burst by using IFN-gamma to mediate

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16
Q

NK cell secretes cytotoxic granules

A

induces cells to commit apoptosis

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17
Q

Major Histone Compatability molecules

A

“self” molecules because all cells can produce

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18
Q

dendritic cells

A

prime goal is to internalize pathogens to present the antigen to actvate adaptive immune system; NO RESPIRATORY BURST

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19
Q

When NK cells are abundant?

A

kill dendritic cells

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20
Q

When dendritic cells are abundant?

A

activates adaptive immune system

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21
Q

T-cell receptor

A

made up of alpha and beta chains; variable, constant, stalk segments, transmembrane region, and cytoplasmic tail

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22
Q

Alpha variable domains

A

70-80 possibilities

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23
Q

Beta variable domains

A

52 possibilities

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24
Q

somatic recombination

A

making of a T-cell receptor

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25
recombination signal sequences
conserved 7-sequence, then nonconserved spacer region (12 or 23), then conserved 9-sequnce
26
cominbatorial diversity
different combos of V, D, and J
27
Recombination Process 1
Rag-1 or 2 binds then recruits the other; 12 and 23 sections bind; then the section between V and J is cleaved
28
Recombination Process: Ku Complex
Ku70 and Ku80; forms a ring around the sections trying to join
29
Recombination Process: DNA-PK
binds to Ku complex
30
Recombination Process: Artemis
has endonuclease activity and opens hairpin
31
Recombination Process: Tdt
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase processes DNA ends
32
Junctional Diversity: P-nucleotides
palindromic
33
Junctional Diversity: N-nucleotides
Tdt adds random nucleotides and stops after a strong binding results; DNA Polymerase fills in what is left; DNA Ligase checks bonds
34
How does the gamma and delta chains compensate for less V segments?
allows two D segments to be incorporated
35
CD34
stem cell marker
36
IL-7 receptor
FIRST STAGES ONLY; thymic stromal cells secret IL-7; pulls the cells into the thymus
37
Notch 1
ENTIRE MATURATION; receptor on thymocytes interacts with ligand on thymic stromal cells; intracellular domain cleaved and becomes a transcription factor
38
DN1
expresses KIT and CD44; NO CD25
39
DN2
expresses KIT, CD44, CD25 and starts B-chain rearrangement; Db and Jb combined
40
DN3
NO KIT OR CD44; expresses CD25, continues B-chain rearrangement; Vb and DJb combined
41
DN4
PROLIFERATION; important for adding diversity; B-chain rearrangement shutoff by inhibiting RAG1 and RAG2
42
How a B-chain is considered productive?
it needs to form a functional mock pre-T cell receptor
43
rescuing a non-productive B-chain
a max of 4 tries to get a productive B-chain to form
44
T-cell a-chain
does not have a max number of tries; both a-chains can be rearranged at the same time
45
thymic cortical epithelial cells
surround the thymocytes while maturing
46
How many thymocytes make it through selection?
10-30%; variety of MHC makes it difficult
47
CD4 T-cell
must interact with MHC Class II
48
CD8 T-cell
must interact with MHC Class I
49
Positive Selection: weak or no binding
cell dies
50
Positive Selection: moderate or strong binding
cell lives
51
Negative Selection: moderate binding
cell lives
52
Negative Selection: tight binding
cell dies
53
Negative Selection cells
macrophages and dendritic cells
54
Positive Selection cells
thymic cortical epithelial cells
55
autoimmune regulator transcription factor
allows the cells to present self peptides found in all different tissues
56
Which T-cells go through postive and negative selection?
a and B T-cells; not delta and gamma
57
Region: Proliferation and Differentiation
sub-capsular region
58
Region: Positive Selection
cortex
59
Region: Negative Selection
cortico-medullary junction
60
Found where: MHC Class I
all nucleated cells
61
Found where: MHC Class II
macrophages, dendritic, and B-cells
62
MHC Class I molecule
a1 and a2 form peptide-binding cleft; a3 transmembrane; B2-microglobulin covalently attached
63
What domain do a3 and B2-m mimic?
immunoglobulin-like fold domain
64
MHC Class II molecule
a and B transmembrane; B1 and a1 peptide-binding cleft; B2 and a2 makeup immuno-globulin fold domain
65
What forms the elongated shape on CD8 T-cells?
glycosylated regions
66
MHC Class I Peptides
8-10 a.a.; amino and carboxyl ENDS embed in a-helices to stabilize; PEPTIDE ANCHORS, also
67
peptide anchors
pockets madeup within MHC for peptides' sidechains to insert
68
MHC Class II Peptides
13-17 a.a.; gets stability only from PEPTIDE ANCHORS
69
HLA Complex
human leukocyte antigen genes
70
B2-microglobulin
not polymorphic
71
Role of MHC
binds peptide fragments from pathogens and displays on surface
72
MHC Polygenic
contians several different Class I and II genes
73
MHC Polymorphic
each gene has a lot of variation; MOST POLYMORPHIC GENE
74
MHC Gene
found on chromosome 6; 4 million b.p.; 200 genes

MICRB 410 (5 decks)

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