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biopsychology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific instruments are what?

A

sensory extensions

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2
Q

What is representationalism?

A

The brain representing reality

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3
Q

What is naive realism?

A

Thinking that the world is pretty much as it appears to be

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4
Q

What is constructivism?

A

The brain constructing reality

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5
Q

In constructivism, the world as we know it, depends on our ability to do what?

A

gather, interpret, and act on information in the environment

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6
Q

Differences in the type of senses, size and organization of the brain, and ways to interact with the environment will produce what?

A

Different realities

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7
Q

What is the scientific study of the brain and nervous system, in health and disease?

A

Neuroscience

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8
Q

Neuroscience incorporates what fields?

A

psychology, biology, chemistry, medicine, mathematics, physics, engineering, and computer science

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9
Q

What are the 5 levels of neuroscience?

A

Behavioral, network, synaptic, cellular, and molecular

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10
Q

What is the term for making a whole in the skull to allow the brain to expand?

A

Trepanation

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11
Q

Who started interest in the brain?

A

Aristotel

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12
Q

When did study of the brain begin?

A

the 1800’s

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13
Q

Franz Gall came up with what theory that was popular in the 1800s but highly inaccurate?

A

Phrenology

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14
Q

Phrenology was was started the idea of what?

A

mapping the brain

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15
Q

What was the first definitive evidence of a particular part of the brain having to do with ability?

A

Broca’s patient “Tan”

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16
Q

Broca’s area is responsible for what?

A

producing speech

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17
Q

Who had the idea that the fundamental unit in the brain is the neuron?

A

santiago ramon y cajal

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18
Q

What was the first non-invasive way to study the living brain?

A

EEG

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19
Q

When was EEG discovered?

A

1929

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20
Q

What does electroencephalography mean?

A

electric head measurement

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21
Q

REM is also called paradoxial sleep why?

A

because it looks like alert wakefulness that is tacked onto stage 4

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22
Q

What is brain stimulation?

A

artificial stimulation of specific brain regions and observation of resulting behavior.

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23
Q

What are the different types of artificial stimulation?

A

surface electrodes during neurosurgery, surgically implanted electrodes, repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation, and optogenics

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24
Q

What is the hippocampus important for?

A

encoding new memories

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25
Q

What does TMS do?

A

applies a brief, strong magnetic field that alters neural activity

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26
Q

Deep brain stimulation is effective for what kind of patients?

A

parkinson’s and depression

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27
Q

MRIs measure what?

A

brain structure

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28
Q

fMRIs measure what?

A

brain function

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29
Q

fMRI uses what method to determine brain function?

A

subtraction method

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30
Q

What is DTI?

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

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31
Q

What does DTI do?

A

Constructs maps of the brain’s fiber

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32
Q

CT scans do what?

A

pass x-rays through the head

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33
Q

Older CT scans are only good for looking at what?

A

large structural abnormalities

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34
Q

fMRI gives us good information about what?

A

where in the brain that certain functions are done

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35
Q

What do PET scans do?

A

Use a radioactive tracer that is injected into the subject

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36
Q

fMRI tracks what in the blood?

A

oxygen

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37
Q

Why is fMRI not a great way of detecting lies?

A

You could game the system by thinking of another memory, or thinking of the time you made up the lie, which is then a memory.

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38
Q

DTI targets what?

A

axons that connect the brain

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39
Q

DTI is great for doing what?

A

isolating the impact of concussions

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40
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

tightly-packed cells of blood vessel walls that prevent entry of many molecules

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41
Q

The posterior cerebral artery serves what areas of the brain?

A

Occipital lobe, Parietal lobe, inferior temporal gyrus

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42
Q

The anterior cerebral artery serves what areas of the brain?

A

Anterior prefrontal cortex, superior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus

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43
Q

The middle cerebral artery serves what areas of the brain?

A

middle temportal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, Inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus

44
Q

What provides physical protection for the brain?

A

Skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

45
Q

There are four large bones that make up the majority of the skull. What are they?

A

Frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone

46
Q

The dura mater means what?

A

tough mother

47
Q

Dura mater is located where?

A

Under the skull

48
Q

The arachnoid mater is what?

A

spider-web like, sinewy fibers

49
Q

Under the arachoid mater, is the subarachnoid space. What is located there?

A

cerebrospinal fluid and cardiovascular system

50
Q

The pia mater means what?

A

pious mother

51
Q

Andreas vesalius came up with what 3 terms?

A

cortex, gyrus, and sulcus

52
Q

CSF is produced by what?

A

choroid plexus

53
Q

What creates neural stem cells?

A

ventricular walls

54
Q

Grey matter is on the ______ of the brain

A

Outer layer

55
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

56
Q

The brainstem is in charge of what?

A

Basic life processes

57
Q

The reticular formation is located within the brainstem. What is it in charge of?

A

arousal

58
Q

Where is the thalamus located?

A

On top of the midbrain

59
Q

What are the functions of the medulla?

A

arousal, various

60
Q

What are the functions of the Pons?

A

Arousal, various, audition, balance/position, sleep and arousal,

61
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

balance, motor coordination, cognition

62
Q

What are the functions of the midbrain?

A

arousal, various, pain, motor, vision, audition

63
Q

The thalamus is the what?

A

relay station

64
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Links CNS to endocrine system for hormonal control

65
Q

The hypothalamus is good for the “four Fs”. What are they?

A

Fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating

66
Q

What makes up the brain’s volume control?

A

reticular formation, thalamus, and hypothalamus

67
Q

When the volume control is damaged, what happens?

A

You enter a coma

68
Q

What may cause hyperactivation of the brain’s volume control?

A

psychotropic drugs

69
Q

What causes dimming of the brain’s volume control?

A

general anesthetics

70
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

regulated motivated behaviors

71
Q

What is the hippocampus involved in?

A

episodic memory and spatial navigation

72
Q

What is the amygdala important for?

A

emotions, especially fear and anger

73
Q

What is the cingulate cortex used for?

A

the “oh shit” signal

74
Q

The cingulate cortex is in charge of what?

A

decision making, error detection, emotion, anticipation fo reward, empathy, and pain

75
Q

What are the 3 parts of the basal ganglia?

A

putamen, head of caudate, and globus pallidus

76
Q

The basal ganglia is the what?

A

traffic light

77
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

selects and executes particular motor/cognitive programs

78
Q

What is parkinson’s disease a result of?

A

basal ganglia not receiving dopamine and not working properly to stop tremor movements

79
Q

What is ADHD a result of?

A

Basal ganglia allowing too many things to come through

80
Q

What is OCD a result of?

A

Red light is stuck on and other thoughts are not allowed in.

81
Q

What is the reward center of the brain involved with addiction?

A

nucleus accumbens

82
Q

How many layers to the cortex are there?

A

6 layers

83
Q

Brodmann provided a map of the brain that showed how many different areas?

A

60

84
Q

The posterior end of the brain has an area called V1. What is this responsible for?

A

vision

85
Q

handwriting is stored where?

A

pre-motor cortex

86
Q

What is the pre-frontal cortex involved in?

A

complex processing. Who you are. High level thinking. Behavior

87
Q

The dorsal-visual pathway is primarily located where?

A

The parietal lobe

88
Q

A1 is located inferior to the lateral fissure. What is it in charge of?

A

auditory senses

89
Q

Why does vision take up the majority of space?

A

because we are visual creatures

90
Q

The ventral visual pathway is a ______ pathway

A

what

91
Q

The dorsal visual pathway is a ________ pathway

A

where/how

92
Q

The prefrontal cortex is primarily ______

A

motor

93
Q

The postcentral cortex is primarily _______

A

somatosensory

94
Q

What is dorsolateral frontal syndrome caused by?

A

relatively mild head trauma

95
Q

What are the symptoms of dorsolateral frontal syndrome?

A

Flat affect, perseverative behavior, mental regidity

96
Q

People with dorsolateral frontal syndrom are at mercy of what?

A

environmental stimuli

97
Q

What are the symptoms of orbitofrontal syndrome?

A

behavioral and emotional disinhibition, affect oscillating between euphoria and rage, low impulse control, low gratification, little concern for social taboos, no foresight of consequences of actions

98
Q

What part of the brain is associated with disgust and interoception?

A

Insula

99
Q

When does the prefrontal cortex mature?

A

21 years. This is why children are annoying and touch EVERYTHING THEY SEE

100
Q

What happens to your prefrontal cortex when drinking alcohol?

A

It doesn’t inhibit weird things

101
Q

What is interoception?

A

Being aware of your internal states

102
Q

What organisms had the first nervous system?

A

hydra

103
Q

What were the first types of animals with brains?

A

chordates

104
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Stripes where you could lose feeling in if you have damage to your spinal cord

105
Q

What are the two ways you can modify the activity of an organ?

A

make it work harder, or slow it down

106
Q
A

biopsychology (4 decks)

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