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biopsychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the superior colliculus located?

A

The midbrain

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2
Q

The ____ bump on the midbrain is the superior colliculus

A

top

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3
Q

When light hits the lens of your eye, where does it go next?

A

The Retina

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4
Q

What does the superior colliculus do?

A

grabs your attention so that you are not looking around to find something

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5
Q

If you watch TV for more than a few hours, it becomes draining. Why is this?

A

Because your attention is being grabbed

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6
Q

What does the inferior colliculus do?

A

It grabs your attention using auditory stimuli

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7
Q

The left superior colliculus processes the _____ visual field

A

right

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8
Q

What is “blind sight”?

A

They are processing information enough to respond to it, but it is not being processed in a way that they can see it.

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9
Q

_____ of retinal axons go to the superior colliculus

A

10%

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10
Q

What does Traumatic Brain Injury result from?

A

physical damage to the brain

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11
Q

What is a contusion?

A

Damage to the cerebral circulatory system

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12
Q

What is a bruise filled with blood?

A

hematoma

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13
Q

What are the cerebrovascular effects of closed head injuries?

A

Contusion and hematoma

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14
Q

What is edema?

A

swelling

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15
Q

What are the neural effects of closed head injuries?

A

axonal damage and neural death

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16
Q

What is a concussion?

A

A disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head

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17
Q

What are the acute immediate symptoms of concussions?

A

memory loss, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, disorientation and confusion, neurological deficits

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18
Q

What do concussions cause damage to?

A

axonal tracts

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19
Q

What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

A

Degeneration of brain tissue

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20
Q

What does chronic traumatic encephalopathy cause?

A

Dementia, memory loss, confusion, aggression, depression

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21
Q

What is an inflammation of the meninges?

A

Meningitis

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22
Q

What are the types of meningitis?

A

Bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, fungal meningitis

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23
Q

What type of meningitis is most common in college dorms?

A

bacterial

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24
Q

What type of meningitis is most common?

A

Viral meningitis

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25
Q

Which type of meningitis is least dangerous

A

viral meningitis

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26
Q

What type of meningitis is rare?

A

Fungal

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27
Q

What is general paresis?

A

Insanity and dementia caused by syphilis

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28
Q

What is creutzfeldt-jakob disease caused by?

A

Prions

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29
Q

What is an example of a viral brain infection?

A

Rabies

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30
Q

What is a prion?

A

An infectious protein

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31
Q

Proteins are made up of what?

A

amino acids

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32
Q

What is a disease that causes the brain to look like a sponge?

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

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33
Q

What is Kuru?

A

TSE in New Guinee that was caused by eating the brains of infected tribespeople.

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34
Q

Lead causes what?

A

Axonal degeneration and loss of myelin

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35
Q

Childhood exposure to lead dust from leaded gasoline was linked to what?

A

instances of aggravated assault

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36
Q

What does lead interfere with?

A

Development of nervous system, IQ, synthesis and functioning of brain-derived Neurotrophic factor

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37
Q

What are some other neurotoxins?

A

Mercury, toxic psychosis, corticol

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38
Q

What is toxic psychosis?

A

chronic insanity produced by a neurotoxic

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39
Q

What does cortisol do at high levels?

A

kills dendrites

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40
Q

How can cortisol poisoning be reversed?

A

exercising after the stress is removed

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41
Q

What is a seizure?

A

uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain correlated with changes in consciousness

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42
Q

What is the primary symptom of epilepsy?

A

seizures, but not all who have seizures have epilepsy

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43
Q

Epilepsy affects ____ of the population

A

1%

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44
Q

What causes epilepsy?

A

Brain damage or genes

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45
Q

How do you diagnose epilepsy?

A

EEG.

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46
Q

How is epilepsy diagnosed by EEG?

A

Seizures are associated with high amplitude spikes

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47
Q

What are the two types of epilepsy?

A

Partial and generalized

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48
Q

What are the two types of partial seizures?

A

Simple and complex seizures

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49
Q

What are the symptoms of simple partial seizures

A

sensory, motor acts, or both

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50
Q

The symptoms of simple partial seizures spread as ___________ spreads.

A

epileptic discharge spreads

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51
Q

Complex partial seizures are often restricted to the ______

A

temporal lobes

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52
Q

complex partial seizures are sometimes associated with what?

A

an emotional experience

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53
Q

In complex partial seizures, the patient engages in what?

A

compulsive and repetitive simple behaviors

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54
Q

What are automatisms?

A

compulsive and repetitive simple behaviors

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55
Q

What are the two types of generalized seizures?

A

Grand Mal, Petit mal

56
Q

What happens during grand mal seizures?

A

Loss of consciousness and equilibrium, toni-clonic convulsions, hypoxia

57
Q

What are tonic-clonic convulsions?

A

Rigidity and tremors

58
Q

hypoxia causes what kind of brain damage?

A

hippocampus memory damage

59
Q

What happens during a petit mal seizure?

A

A disruption of consciousness associated with a cessation of ongoing behavior

60
Q

What is parkinson’s disease?

A

A movement disorder of middle and old age affecting about .5% of the population.

61
Q

What are the symptoms of parkinson’s?

A

Tremors, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability

62
Q

What is not usually seen in parkinson’s?

A

Dementia

63
Q

What is parkinson’s caused by?

A

Degeneration of the dopamine-producing substantia nigra

64
Q

Autopsies of parkinson’s patients reveal what in the substantia nigra?

A

Lewy bodies (protein clumps)

65
Q

What is parkinson’s treated with temporarily?

A

L-dopa

66
Q

What else can reduce the symptoms of parkinson’s?

A

Deep brain stimulation fo subthalamic nucleus

67
Q

What is huntington’s disease?

A

A rare, progressive motor disorder of middle/old age

68
Q

What does huntington’s begin with?

A

fidgetiness

69
Q

Huntington’s progresses to what?

A

jerky movements of entire limbs

70
Q

What is the last symptom of huntington’s?

A

Severe dementia

71
Q

What are the early symptoms of huntington’s related to?

A

dysfunction of basal ganglia

72
Q

The late stages of huntington’s involve what?

A

the whole brain

73
Q

First symptoms of huntington’s disease is usually not seen until what age?

A

40

74
Q

Death from huntington’s usually occurs within how many years?

A

15

75
Q

What is huntington’s disease caused by?

A

a single dominant gene

76
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Autoimmune disorder where immune system attacks myelin

77
Q

What does multiple sclerosis cause?

A

areas of hard scar tissue

78
Q

What are the symptoms of MS?

A

Visual disturbances, Mental changes, loss of sensation, depression, paranoia, uncontrollable laughter, limb weakness, bladder and bowel dysfunction, muscle spasms

79
Q

What are the subtypes of MS?

A

Relapsing-remitting
Primary progressive
Secondary progressive
Progressive-relapsing

80
Q

What are the causes of MS?

A

genetics. Many genes involved

81
Q

Incidence of MS is increased in those who spend childhood where?

A

in a cool climate

82
Q

MS is rare amonst who?

A

africans and asians

83
Q

What is a tumor?

A

a mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body

84
Q

What are the types of tumors?

A

Primary, secondary, malignant, and benign

85
Q

What are primary tumors?

A

tumors that start in brain and rarely metastasize

86
Q

What are secondary tumors?

A

Tumors that originate elsewhere and are usually malignant

87
Q

What is meningioma?

A

Tumor that grows between the meninges

88
Q

meningiomas are relatively _____

A

benign

89
Q

Meningiomas are ____ of tumors

A

roughly 20%

90
Q

How do meningiomas influence the brain?

A

exerting pressure on surrounding tissue

91
Q

Where do gliomas originate from?

A

glial cells

92
Q

Gliomas are _____ of tumors

A

> 70%

93
Q

Gliomas are usually ____

A

malignant

94
Q

Gliomas cause what?

A

neurons to die

95
Q

What are the symptoms of brain tumors?

A

pressure in the skull, headache, vomiting, double vision, reduced heart rate, reduced alertness, seizures

96
Q

What are the treatments for tumors?

A

surgical removal, chemotherapy, thalidomide to starve tumors of blood supply

97
Q

What is thalidomide?

A

mercury-like substance that is selective to tumor cells

98
Q

Why is chemotherapy more difficult to treat brain tumors?

A

have to cross blood-brain barrier

99
Q

What is another way to treat a tumor?

A

Gene-therapy

100
Q

What is a new technique for treating tumors?

A

ultrasound. destroys tissues

101
Q

What is a stroke?

A

sudden onset cerebrovascular disorder causing brain damage

102
Q

What are the types of stroke?

A

Hemorrhage and ischemia

103
Q

Which type of stroke are about 20% of cases?

A

hemorrhage

104
Q

What is ischemia caused by?

A

arteriosclerosis and blood clots

105
Q

What are hemorrhages caused by?

A

high blood pressure

vascular abnormalities

106
Q

What is a vascular abnormality?

A

aneurysm

107
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A weakened point in a blood vessel that makes a stroke more likely

108
Q

What are the types of cerebral ischemia?

A

Thrombosis, embolism, arteriosclerosis

109
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

A plug that forms and blocks blood flow at site of fomration

110
Q

What is an embolism?

A

a plug that forms in a larger vessel and travels to smaller one where it gets stuck

111
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

walls of blood vessels thicken and the channels narrow

112
Q

During a stroke, blood-deprived neurons become overactive and release what?

A

glutamate

113
Q

Strokes trigger what?

A

excessive depolarization of postsynaptic neurons, causing excessive glutamate release

114
Q

Glutamate does what?

A

kills neurons

115
Q

The area of dead tissue resulting from a stroke is called what?

A

an infarct

116
Q

chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a result of what?

A

repeated trauma

117
Q

What is cognitive reserve?

A

different ways you can go about solving a problem

118
Q

A person copes with damage by doing what?

A

Using cognitive networks in more flexible ways

119
Q

What are variables linked to cognitive reserve?

A

IQ
Educational and occupational status
Engagement in enriching leisure activities

120
Q

Educational and occupational status is important for what?

A

critical thinking and problem-solving skills

121
Q

You cannot fully learn a language after what age?

A

12

122
Q

What is exploited by physical and occupational therapy?

A

experience-dependent neuroplasticity

123
Q

What is experience-dependent neuroplasticity?

A

changes due to learning

124
Q

What is reactive neuroplasticity?

A

Neurogenesis and growth of axons, dendrites and new synapses independent of experience

125
Q

_______ peaks and then declines with age

A

fluid intelligence

126
Q

______ intelligence sticks with you

A

crystallized

127
Q

Muscle contraction causes what?

A

synthesis of IGF-1

128
Q

What does IGF-1 do?

A

BDNF (miracle grow)

129
Q

What does BDNF do?

A

Increases dendritic branching and synaptic efficiency

130
Q

With regular exercise, the body does what?

A

builds up its levels of bdnf

131
Q

What does aerobic exercise do for the brain?

A

Increases hippocampus volume

132
Q

Aerobic exercises increase _____, which __________

A

VEGF, catalyzes blood vessel growth

133
Q

Enriched conditions do what to the brain?

A

make significantly heavier cerebral cortexes with higher number of dendritic spines

134
Q

Enrichment conditions promote what?

A

better learning and problem solving

135
Q

What is genotype?

A

genetic makeup of a cell

136
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

observable characteristics of an individual

biopsychology (4 decks)

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