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biopsychology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the part of the eye that an image is projected onto?

A

Retina

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2
Q

What is the hole in the front of the eye?

A

Pupil

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3
Q

What is the color part of the eye, located around the pupil?

A

Iris

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4
Q

What is the hard, clear part of the eye, that turns the image upside-down?

A

Lens

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5
Q

What is the clear part of the eye, located in front of the iris and pupil?

A

Cornia

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6
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The white of the eye

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7
Q

What nerve takes the image from the retina, out of the eye?

A

Optic Nerve

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8
Q

Light interacts with the environment in 3 ways. What are they?

A

Reflection, absorption, refraction

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9
Q

Predators generally have eyes positioned where?

A

Front of the head

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10
Q

Why do predators have eyes on the front of their heads?

A

Facilitates depth perception

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11
Q

Binocular disparity is greater, when?

A

when objects are close

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12
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A

The difference of how an image falls on each eye

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13
Q

Prey have eyes where?

A

On the sides of their head

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14
Q

Why do prey have eyes on the side of their head?

A

Gives them a panoramic view

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15
Q

We continually scan the world with small and quick eye movements called ______

A

saccades

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16
Q

What do saccades do?

A

Integrate bits of images to create the image processed by the brain

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17
Q

What happens if you stabilize your eye?

A

Everything fades to black

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18
Q

The visual system responds to ______

A

change

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19
Q

The left visual field moves through which optic tract?

A

Right

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20
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

Where the optic tracts cross

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21
Q

Where do the optic tracts lead to?

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

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22
Q

What does the LGN do?

A

Releases optic radiations to V1

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23
Q

What is the pathway between the retina, optic nerves, and LGN called?

A

Retino-geniculate-striate pathway

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24
Q

Where is V1 located?

A

Occipital lobe

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25
Q

The superior visual cortex is responsible for what?

A

“Where/how”

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26
Q

The Inferior visual cortex is responsible for what?

A

“What”

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27
Q

The left ______ of each eye connects to the left LGN

A

Hemiretina

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28
Q

The retina-geniculate-striate system is composed of _____% of axons of retinal ganglion cells

A

90%

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29
Q

10% of retinal axons go to the _____

A

superior colliculus

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30
Q

What is visual transduction?

A

Light is turned into neural signals

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31
Q

What is duplexity theory?

A

Cones and rods mediate different kinds of vision

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32
Q

What are cones used for?

A

Photopic (daytime) vision…high-acuity color information in good lighting

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33
Q

What are rods used for?

A

Scotopic (nighttime) vision…high-sensitivity, low-acuity vision in dim light

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34
Q

Why don’t rods work well in light?

A

Light bleaches rhodopsin molecules and close sodium channels, which hyperpolarizes the rods

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35
Q

What is phosphenes?

A

Seeing light without light entering the eye

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36
Q

What is scotoma?

A

area of blindness due to v1 damage. May appear dark or “filled in”

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37
Q

The neurons in v2 interpret what?

A

lines

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38
Q

When a person has a migraine in v2, what do they see?

A

zig-zagging lines that start central, and move peripherally

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39
Q

Migraines have a ____ component, which is different than other headaches

A

neural

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40
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex, aka striate cortex, located?

A

Posterior occipital lobe

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41
Q

What is located above the striate cortex?

A

Prestriate cortex

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42
Q

What is the prestriate cortex involved in?

A

slightly more complex visual processing

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43
Q

Where is the posterior parietal cortex located?

A

above the prestriate cortex

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44
Q

V1 processes what?

A

lines

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45
Q

V2 processes what?

A

combination of lines

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46
Q

If you remove the Inferotemporal cortex (temporal lobe), what happens?

A

You cannot tell the difference between two objects

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47
Q

If you remove the parietal lobe, what happens?

A

You will no longer have the knowledge of spacial relationships

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48
Q

The dorsal stream specializes in what, according to the “Where vs what theory”?

A

visual spatial perception

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49
Q

The ventral stream specializes in what, according to the “Where vs what theory”?

A

visual pattern recognition

50
Q

According to the “control of behavior vs conscious perception theory,” what does the dorsal stream specialize in?

A

visually guided behavior

51
Q

According to the “control of behavior vs conscious perception theory,” What does the ventral stream specialize in?

A

conscious visual perception

52
Q

What does the ebbinghaus illusion do?

A

tricks the inferior temporal gyrus into thinking that the dots in the middle of the two pictures are different sizes, when, in reality, they are the same size

53
Q

What is visual neglect?

A

Neglect half of space. Knowledge of that half of space breaks down.

54
Q

What is optic ataxia?

A

Difficulty with spacial relations. If only one lobe is affected, can affect certain visual field areas

55
Q

What is motion blindness?

A

All you see is one status image, then another. No fluid progression of images

56
Q

What is the term for facial blindness?

A

prosopagnosia

57
Q

What is the term for not knowing about a particular object or class of objects?

A

object agnosia

58
Q

V4 processes what information?

A

Color, basic 2D and 3D shape, curvature

59
Q

What does the VTC process?

A

Complex features and objects

60
Q

Damage to what causes prosopagnosia?

A

The fusiform face area

61
Q

What is the area that recognizes body parts and images?

A

Extra-striate body area (EBA)

62
Q

Why don’t autistic individuals discriminate faces very well?

A

The FFA doesn’t build up when they are very young, because they don’t look at faces much

63
Q

Where is the EBA located?

A

outside of the striate cortex

64
Q

What area responds to places?

A

Parahippocampal Place Area

65
Q

Where is the Parahippocampal Place Area located?

A

Around the hippocampus

66
Q

What is binocular rivalry?

A

Competition between your eyes. One image is seen by one eye, while the other is shown a different image.

67
Q

What happens during binocular rivalry?

A

Brain will alternate between one image or the other, not see both.

68
Q

What cortex receives visual, auditory, and somatosensory information?

A

Posterior Parietal Association Cortex

69
Q

What does the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex do?

A

Integrates information about body part location and external object location

70
Q

What creates a mosaic of small areas that guides a particular movement of eyes, head, arm, or hand?

A

Posterior Parietal Association Cortex

71
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Negation of voluntary movement

72
Q

When is apraxia evident?

A

When instructed to perform an action

73
Q

What is contralateral neglect?

A

Unable to respond to stimuli contralateral to the side of the lesion

74
Q

What is the trichromacy theory?

A

Color is percepted by three cones

75
Q

The way light ________ gives rise to the different colors we see

A

reflects off the colors

76
Q

What animals are quadchromats?

A

some birds, fish, and reptiles

77
Q

What animals are trichromats?

A

Primates

78
Q

What animals are dichromats?

A

almost all nonprimate animals

79
Q

What animals are monochromats?

A

Some nocturnal animals

80
Q

What does the opponent process theory say?

A

Color is processed in pairs

81
Q

What is stage 1 of color perception?

A

Trichromacy theory

82
Q

Trichromacy theory takes place where?

A

In the retina

83
Q

What is stage 2 of color perception?

A

Opponent Processing theory?

84
Q

Opponent Processing Theory takes place where?

A

LGN & v1

85
Q

What is stage 3 of color perception?

A

Cortex (v4)

86
Q

What is cerebral achromatopsia?

A

color blindness due to cerebral damage

87
Q

What is the cortex contributing to color perception?

A

Unclear. Perhaps color constancy

88
Q

What is color constancy?

A

Color perception is not altered by varying reflected wavelengths (something blue is blue nomatter if in daylight or fluorescent)

89
Q

What is retinex theory?

A

Color is determined by the proportion of light of different wavelengths that a surface reflects.

90
Q

Color is NOT determined by whaT?

A

the direct wavelengths hitting your face

91
Q

What is the duplexity theory of vision?

A

Retina contains two different types of photoreceptors

92
Q

What is scotopic vision?

A

Vision of the eye under low light conditions

93
Q

Where do you find the greatest amount of cones in the retina?

A

Fovea centralis

94
Q

Where do you find the greatest amount of rods in the retina?

A

In the peripheral area

95
Q

What are the five types of cells in the retina?

A

Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells

96
Q

What is the basic idea of optigenics?

A

Combination of genetics and optics to control well-defined events within specific cells of living tissues

97
Q

What are the characteristics of the magnocellular layers of the LGN?

A

Large size, detect the “where” properties of visual information

98
Q

What are the characteristics of the parvocellular layer of the LGN?

A

small cells, more modern than magnocellular, receive input from midget cells, sensitive to color, more capable of discriminating fine details

99
Q

Which cells have center-surround receptive fields?

A

ganglion cells

100
Q

What are the differences between simple and complex cells in V1?

A

Simple cells: 1) have distinct exitatory and inhibitory regions 2) linearity of spatial summation 3) Antagonism between excitatory and inhibitory regions

Complex Cells: 1) No clear excitatroy and inhibitory regions 2) Maximal response regardless of where stimulus is placed in RF 3) A stimulus with uniform intensity covering the entire RF will evoke no response

101
Q

What is a hypercolumn?

A

A group of neurons in the cortex that have nearly identical receptive fields.

102
Q

What is an ocular dominance column?

A

Stripes of neurons in visual cortex of certain mammals that respond preferentially to input from one eye or the other

103
Q

What is an orientation column?

A

Organized regions of neurons that are excited by visual line stimuli of varying angles

104
Q

What is a Blob (in V1)?

A

sections of visual cortex where groups of neurons that are sensitive to color assemble in cylindrical shapes

105
Q

What is an interblob?

A

areas between blobs which receive the same input, but are sensitive to orientation instead of color

106
Q

What is cortical magnification in the striate cortex?

A

Describes how many neurons in the striate cortex are responsible for processing a stimulus

107
Q

What is retinotopic organization?

A

Mapping of visual input from the retina to neurons

108
Q

In which lobe does the dorsal visual pathway terminate?

A

Parietal lobe

109
Q

In which lobe does the ventral visual pathway terminate?

A

Temporal Lobe

110
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

data-driven processing. perception begins with stimulus itself. Carried out from the retina to the visual cortex, each stage perceiving more and more.

111
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

The use of contextual information in pattern recognition. Taking things that are formed together to process smaller parts

112
Q

What is accomodation?

A

reflex action when you are focusing on a near object, then look at a distant object, which changes vergence, lens shape, and pupil size

113
Q

What is the optic disk?

A

The head of the optic nerve, where axons leave the eye

114
Q

What is photopigment?

A

Unstable pigments that undergo a chemical change when they absorb light

115
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

Where the optic nerve exits the eye. No photoreceptors

116
Q

What is blindsight?

A

the ability to respond to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving them.

117
Q

What is transduction?

A

Light is channeled to the back of the eye and flipped upside-down

118
Q

What is lateral inhibition?

A

Neighboring neurons respond less than the active neuron if they are activated at the same time

119
Q

What are mach bands?

A

Optical illusion which exaggerates the contrast between edges of slightly differing shades of gray by triggering edge-detection in the visual system. Makes darker areas falsely appear darker

120
Q

What is akinetopsia?

A

Visual motion blindness

121
Q

What is dark current?

A

Inward sodium current that depolarizes the cell to around -40 mV. This is more depolarized than other neurons.

122
Q

Under what contitions is binocular (retinal) disparity greatest?

A

When objects are close

biopsychology (4 decks)

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