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Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

6 Functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Perception
    - Special senses: taste, balance, hear, vision, smell
    - Somatosensory: group of modalitiles of body state; PainTouchProprioceptionTemperature
    - Visceral: modulate, monitor, motivate
  2. Movement
    - plan, initiate, coordinate
  3. Life sustaining
    - seek, homeostais
  4. Cognition
    - memory, learning
  5. Emotinon
    - fear, pleasure, attatchment, desire
  6. Arousal
    - biological rythms; sleep, conciousness
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2
Q

4 Components of CNS

A
  1. forebrain (cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon)
  2. brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)
  3. cerebellum
  4. spinal cord
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3
Q

Components of PNS

A
  1. Sensory nerves: from periphery/viscera to CNS
  2. Motor nerves: commands from CNS to muscles/viscera

Subdivisons:

  • Somatic Motor system: sensory nerve/motor nerves to skeletal muscles
  • Autonomic Motor System: motor commands to viscera and smooth muscle via sympathetic, parasymphathetic, and enteric system
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4
Q

3 Primordial tissues

A
  1. Endoderm: epithelial of GI, respiratory, and urinary
  2. Mesoderm: muscle, skeletal, CT, and cardiovascular tissue, urogenital/hematopoietic systems, some microglia
  3. Ectoderm: skin, neurons, macroglia, ependymal cells (line ventricles), and some microglia

-Ectoterm transforms into neuroectoderm-> tubes to become chambers

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5
Q

Development of Chambers from 3-> mature

A

Prosencephalon->

  • telencephalon-> cerebral hemispheres
  • diecnephalon-> thalamus/hypothalamus

Mesencephalon->
-mesencephalon -> midbrain

Rhombencephalon->

  • metencephalon-> pons/cerebellym
  • myencephalon-> medulla
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6
Q

Flexures of Development

A

Cephalic flexure: during 3 vent stage, remains as secondary primary axis-> cererum/brainstem different axis

Cervical flexure: 3 vent stage; straightens out

Pontine flexure: marks beginning of cerebellar differentiation in 5 vent stage

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7
Q

Neuron anatomy:

INPUT zone

A

Soma and Dendrites

-dendrites increase surface area for synapse

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8
Q

Neuron anatomy:

INTEGRATION (trigger) zone

A

Axon Hillock

-“initial segment”

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9
Q

Neuron anatomy:

CONDUCTING zone

A

Axon

  • neurofillaments skeleton of axons
  • mircotubules allow protein transport to dendrites and terminal endings
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10
Q

Neuron anatomy:

TRANSMITTING zone

A

Presynaptic Terminal

“axon terminal”

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11
Q

Neuron anatomy:

INSULATOR

A

Myelin

-in schwann cells, oligodendrytes

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12
Q

Neuron anatomy:

AP Renewal/REGENERATOR

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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13
Q

Neuron anatomy:

TRANSMITTER RELEASE

A

Presynaptic membrane

  • in axon terminal
  • NT made here
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14
Q

Neuron anatomy:

TRANSMITTER UPTAKE

A

Postsynaptic membrane

-NT uptook here

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15
Q

3 Neuron Classification classes

A
  1. Morphology: multip, bi, uni, pseudounipolar
  2. Function: sensory, motor, autonomic, interneuron
  3. Neurotransmitter: chemicals they produce/release
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16
Q

4 Morphologic Classification of Neurons

A
  1. Psuedounipolar: DRG, somatosensation
  2. Unipolar: rare
  3. Bipolar: special senses
  4. Multipolar: almost all neurons
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17
Q

3 Glial Cell Functions

A
  1. Neuron growth: Support neuron growth/repair after damage
  2. Neuronal activity: Insulate axons/stabalize extracell activity
  3. Form glial systems: Chemical signaling in CNS
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18
Q

2 Classes of Glial Cells

A
  1. Macroglia: (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Scwann cells, ependymal cells)
    - Astro/Oligo: CNS to many cells
    - Schwann: PNS, myelinate ONE neuron at ONE location
    - Emepndymal: line ventricles
  2. Microglia: (few in number)
    - increase when infections invade NS
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19
Q

3 Qualifications of NeuroTransmitters

A
  1. Pres-synaptic manufactored
  2. Calciam mediated release
  3. Receptors on post-synaptic bind to it
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20
Q

Functions of 5 Cerbral Lobe

A

Frontal: cognition, voluntary motor (speech)

Parietal: somatosensation, taste, intermodal (multisens) integration

Occipatl: vision

Temporal: hearing, speech recognitino, smell, memory formation

Insula: taste, emotive pain (2 long gyri 3 short gyri)

–Limbic (not lobe): homesotasis, olfaction, memory, emotion

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21
Q

Cranial Nerve Locations in Brainstem

A 
2: rostral to midbrain- in diencephalon
3-4: midrain
5: pons
6-8: pondumedular junction
9-12: rostral medulla
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22
Q

Divisons of Spinal Cord Termination

A

Cauda equina: L1-L2 when spinal cord ends; roots

Conus Medullaris: T12-L1; tapering of SC

Filum Terminale: fibrous cord of pia mater anchoring to coccyx

Additional Set nerves T1-L3: forming pregranglionic nerves for sympathetic NS

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23
Q

Gray vs. White Matter

A 
Gray:
cell bodies forming nuclei/ganglia
light in stains
mantel of the cortex
basal ganglia, hippocampal formation, amygdala

White:
axons forming pathways
dark in stains
subcortical axon pathways to cortex
pathways in/out of cortex
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24
Q

Diencephalon Composition

white vs. grey

A
  • Nuclei with small pathways in/out of gray clusters

- Bound by large white matter traveling in/out cerebral hemispheres

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25
Brainstem Composition | white vs. grey
- Gray matter in small, lose clusters of nuclei-> sesnory/motor nuclei and centers for integrative functions - White matter travels between nuclei along outer portions brainstem
26
Spinal Cord Composition | white vs. grey
- gray central location; motor and interneurons for reflexes, autonomi symp neurons, and sensorimotor functions - White matter around spinal gray; sensory/motor pathways for trunk/limb control; autonomic control of viceral function
27
3 Types of Axons | compose white matter pathways
1. Projection fibers: long distances to different neural centers 2. Commisural: cross midline and synpase contralaterally (decussate) 3. Association fibers: project ipsilaterally to cortical areas
28
Cerebral Cortex Names | regarding number of layers
Neocortex: 6 layers (most) Paleocortex: less than 6 Archicortex: 3 layers
29
Functions of 6 Neocortex Layers
I/II: axons and synapses; integrate activity within column III: cell bodies of neurons projecting to other cortex areas (association) IV: input zone into cortex; synapse on cell bodies in IV V: cortical neurons projecting to nuclei of brainstem/SC VI: axons projecting to thalamus
30
Brodman Areas Function
BA 1-3: postcentral gyrus BA 4: Primary motor cortex; discrete selective motor control BA 5,7: somatosensory association BA 4,6,8: motor BA 39-40: receptive language; inferior parietal lobule BA 44, 45: speech
31
BA 3a
Muscle spindle and GTO input determine length and force generated
32
BA 3b
Merkel and Ruffini processed in slow adapting columns Meissner and Pacinian processed in rapid adapting columns Pain
33
BA 1
Combine sensory info from BA 3b and 3rd VPL neurons | Texture analysis
34
BA 2
Combine infor from BA 3a, BA 3b, and 3rd VPL neurons | Integrate hand proprioception with touch modalities; analyze shape, orientation, slip
35
BA 5
Somatosens Association Cortex Combine BA 3, BA 1, BA 2 Sense activity on both sides of bofy via commissural fibers Projects to motor cortex; helps form body schemas to coordinate body regions with itself
36
BA 7
Somatosens Association cortex Info from all BA 5 areas and Vision! Contributes to body schema in space
37
4 Primary groups of Commisural Fibers
Coordinate activities between L and R hemispheres; share info, modulate, integrate 1. Corpus callosum 2. anterior commissure 3. Posterior commisure 4. Hippocampal commissure
38
Structures on Midbrain
Ventral: cerebral peduncles, intrapenduncular fossa, CN III Dorsal: superior/inferior colliculi, CN4
39
Structures on Pons
Ventral: CN V, basis pons, cerebellar peduncles Dorsal: floor of 4th ventricle Pontomed junction: CN VI, VII, VIII
40
Structures on Medulla
Ventral: pyramids, olives, anterior medial fissure, CN 9-12 Dorsal: obex, 4th ventrical (rostral), gracilis/cuneate tubercles and fissures, posterior septum, intermediate septum
41
Location of ventricles
``` Lateral: corpus/hemispheres Interventricular foramen: dienceph/corpus callosu 3rd vent: dienceph Cerebral aqueduct: midbrain 4th ventricle: pons/rostral medulla ```
42
Tectum vs. Tegmentum
Tectum: roof of midbrain/ventricular system Tegmentum: anterior to ventricular structures in cross section(floor)
43
Cervical SC Characteristics
Dorsal Column: gracilis and cuneate w/ intermediate dorsal septum Lateral Column: thick Ventral Horn: extend laterally (for hands)
44
Thoracic SC Characteristics
Dorsal Column: only one Lateral Horn: small in intermediate gray Ventral Horns: small and narrow
45
Lumbar SC Characteristics
Dorsal Column: only one No Lateral horn Central Horns: large and extend more ventral
46
Sacral SC Characteristics
Dorsal Column: only one Round Cross section Columns: small (minimal white) V/DH: relatively large compared to white
47
3 Menninge Layers
1. Dura: tough outer layer - lines skull - 2 layers: periosteal/meningeal together except at fissures-> venous sinuses - creates: cerebral falx (central), cerebellar tentorium (transverse fissure), cerebellar flax, and diaphragma sllae - has own blood supply 2. Arachnoid: loose thin middle layer 3. Pia: adheres to brain surface
48
3 Potential Spaces from menninge layers
1. Epidural space: meningeal artery; bleed between skull and dura 2. Subdural space: between dura and arachnoid 3. Subarachnoid space: vessels enter/exit brain-> natural space Primary CSF holder; trabechula stabalize each position
49
Anterior Cerebral Artery Supply
Supplies: - anteromedial surface (frontal to parietal) - superior medial structures along longitudinal fissure - anterior caudate nucleus/fornix Loss Causes: - contralat limb weak/sensory loss - frontal lobe behavior abnormalities
50
Anterior Choroidal Artery Supply
Off Internal Carotid - posterior internal capsule - globulus pallidus - putamen
51
Posterior Cerebral Artery Supply
Supplies: - medial temporal and occipital - medial inferior/posterior cortical regions - midbrain - thalamus ``` Loss Causes: contralateral hemianopsia -sensory loss -hemiparesis -reading probs -aphasia ```
52
Middle Cerebral Artery Supply
Supplies: - lateral surfaces of frontal/parietal - temporal superior gyrus - branches supplie basal ganglia, internal capsule (lenticulostriate arteries) - lateral expanse cortex (corona radiata), internal capsule, putamen, gloubulus pallidus Loss Causes: - contralateral facial/arm weakness and sensory loss - aphasia - visual deficit
53
Vertebral Artery Supply
- medulla | - give post/ant spinal which supply caudal medulla and spinal cord
54
Basilar Artery Supply
- pons - short circumfrential- ventral pons - long circumfrential-dorsal/lateral pons
55
Cerebellar Artery Supplies
Superior: midbrain, superior cerebellum, rostral lateral pons, superior cerebellar peduncles Posterior Inferior: lateral medulla, inferior cerebellum Anterior Inferior: caudal lateral pons, cerebellum
56
Veinous Sinus System
Superior saggital: longitudinal fissure -> confluence of sinus Inferior Saggital: above corpus collosum-> jugular vein Transverse sinus: in transverse fissure-> confluence- Confluence of sinus: superior, straight, and occipital sinuses join-> left/right transverse sinus-> sigmoid-> internal jugular-> heart
57
Why is somatosensation important?
- tissue protection/correct errors - touch of objects - interacting with environment - coordination of fine motor movements
58
Muscle Spindles
In parallel with muscle fiber - senses stretch and codes for amount - fast receptors Ia, slow II fibers
59
Golgi Tendon Organs
free nerve endings interwoven within collagen of the tendon - 1b fibers - crimp by tendon collagen to code muscle contraction force
60
PNS meninge layers
Epineurium=dura; around spinal nerve Perineurium=arachnoid; around nerve fascicle Endoneurium= pia; around nerve fiber
61
3 Anteriorlateral Tracts
1. Spinothalamic: pain/temp localization VMp-insula (affective), VPL-SI (sens), MD-cingulate (emotive) 2. Spinomesencephalic: pain modulation PAG-raphe nuclei-RexedII (seratonin modulates) 3. Spinoreticular: emotive aspects of pain/ANS modulation Reticular formation in pons/medulla to cortex Parabrachial nucleus to amygdala (fear and emotion)

Neuro Anatomy (8 decks)

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