Test #1 Flashcards by Caiti Malloy

The biological effect of radiation is measured in what units?

Rem

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The amount of x-rays received in the course of employment by an individual over 18years old is called what?

Occupational dose

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Chronic exposure to xray radiation will most likely cause which of the following

^ rates of neoplasia
^ in rates of sqam cell carcinoma
^ risk of temp or perm infertility

ALL OF THE ABOVE

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What causes a clear border around developed xray film?

collimation

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Repeated exposure of an individual to small amounts of radiation can have which of the following effects?

cataract development in the eyes of the operator

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What describes the purpose of collimation

it reduces the amount of scatter

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where should a radiation monitoring device be worn for routine radiography?

outside the apron at thyroid level

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Why are individuals under the age of 18 excluded from performing or assisting in radiography?

because their cells are reproducing more rapidly

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What is the purpose of wearing leaded gloves when performing veterinary radiography

protect the wearer from scatter radiation

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Which of the following statements describes a female radiographer’s special risks?

the embryo/fetus is most sensitive to radiation during the first three months of pregnancy

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Define X-ray

a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to visible light, but much shorter in wavelength

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Who credited with the discovery of medical use of x-rays

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgn

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Xray absorption is determined by which 3 factors

atomic #
density
energy

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List 2 concerns if exposed to radiation

cancer

infertility

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The means of measuring the dose of radiation received by the radiographer

Maximum Permissible Dose

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How is MPD measured?

Measures maximum amount of radiation over a given time

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What device is used to measure MPD

Dosimeter Badge

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Universal rules for positioning animals when taking a radiograph

bones/extremities: place on effected side

body cavity: taken V/D

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Name the 5 directional terms for body cavities

Ventral 
Dorsal
Cranial
Caudal
Lateral

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What are 2 views used when performing a body cavity radiograph?

V/D

LAT

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What are 2 views you could perform on an extremity radiograph

CR/CD

LAT

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Directional terms for the extremities

Cranial
Caudal
Palmar 
Plantar
Dorsal
Extension
Flexion

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What must be included on the permanent label of a radiograph?

Patient
Hospital
Date

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What is always included in the view when performing a long bone radiograph

joint above and below the bone

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What is always included when doing a joint radiograph

1/4 to 1/3 of the bone above and below the joint

Name the 2 electrodes involved in generating xrays

Cathode - | Anode +

What 2 items are produced from the generation of xrays

heat | radiation

what are xray beams composed of and how do they travel

photons in the form of a wave

List the 5 different object densities from the least to most dense

``` air fat muscles & organs bone metal & enamel ```

List 5 areas that particularly sensitive to the effects of radiation

``` Skin & intestinal epithelium gonads thyroid lens of the eye blood forming organs ```

____ is the amount of energy transmitted by ionizing xrays to matter and is measured in ____

absorbed dose | gray

___ is the amount of radiation equal to the absorbed dose in tissue and is measured in ____

dose equivalent | Sv

List 3 different items of protective equipment that contain lead

gown gloves thyroid shield

list 3 safety precautions you should take when taking xrays (other than wearing protective equip)

``` look away collimate restrain devices avoid retakes least time possible ```

5 steps to processing radiographic film

``` developing rinsing fixing washing drying ```

The acid chemical that removes unexposed crystals

the fixer

___ is the alkaline chemical that converts the ____ on the film to a ____

developer latent image visible image

What is the minimum & maximum developing time?

2-5 min

What are the 2 types of water baths?

Circulation & Stationary

What are 2 types of film processing

manual | automatic

Instrument used to measure the area to be radiographed

calliper

Thorax Limits

Cranial- Thoracic inlet Caudal- Diaphragm Dorsal- Thoracic spine Ventral- Sternum

Thorax Landmarks

Cranial- Manubrium Caudal- Xiphoid Process Dorsal- Dorsal Spinus Processes Ventral- Sternum

Abdomen Limits

Cranial- Diaphragm Caudal- Pelvic Inlet Dorsal- Lumbar spine Ventral- Linea alba

Abdomen Landmarks

Cranial- Xiphoid process Caudal- Iliac Crest Dorsal- Dorsal spinus processes Ventral- Belly wall

Whole Body Limits

Cranial- Thoracic Inlet Caudal- Pelvic Inlet Dorsal- Spine Ventral- Sternum

Whole Body Landmarks

Cranial- Manubrium Caudal- Iliac Crest Dorsal- Dorsal spinus processes Ventral- Sternum

Pelvis Limits

Cranial- Pelvic inlet | Caudal- Tuberichii

Pelvis Landmarks

Cranial- Iliac crest | Caudal- Tuberichii

Cervical Spine Limits

Cranial- C1 | Caudal- C7

Cervical Spine Landmarks

Cranial- wings of atlas | Caudal- dorsal tips of scapula

Thoracic Spine Limits

Cranial- T1 | Caudal- T13

Thoracic Spine Landmarks

Cranial- Dorsal tips of scapula | Caudal- last rib

Lumbar spine limits

Cranial- L1 | Caudal- L7

Lumbar spine landmarks

Cranial- last rib | Caudal- iliac crest

T/L Junction Limits

Cranial- T11 | Caudal- L2

T/L junction Landmarks

Cranial- 9th rib | Caudal- iliac crest

2 Electromagnetic Radiation behaviors

1. wavelength & frequency | 2. protons, neutrons, & electrons

3 types of radiation

1. primary 2. secondary (scatter) 3. background

2 types of primary radiation

1. general (70% of beam) | 2. characteristic (30% of beam)

Occupational exposure limits

whole body- 0.05sv organs & tissue- 0.5sv lens of eye- 0.15sv

How are extremity radiographs hung?

Proximal bones to the top & head to the left

Hanging a V/D body cavity?

Head at top, and patients left to your right

Hanging lateral body cavity?

Head to the left, and dorsal aspect at the top

4 types of xray units

Conventional Mobile Mounted Small portable

5 Elements needed for xray production

``` Electron source- cathode Acceleration of electrons- kvp Free path- glass envelope Target area- focal spots Vacuum containment- glass envelope ```

Acceleration of cathodes is called

Kilovoltage KvP

The amount of energy in the circuit is called

Milliamperage mA

Most common anode

Rotating

Anode Heel Effect

if the anode target angle is decreased, the intensity on the anode side of the xray beam is decreased, more xrays leave the xray tube on the cathode side than on the anode side causing a variation in exposure to the xray film

Penumbra Effect

If focal spot is too big the image is blurred

5 possible areas of failure in the xray tube

``` Cathode/Filament Rotor Anode Anode Target Glass envelope ```

Low voltage circuit

Pre-heats filament provides more electrons to the anode amount produced

High voltage circuit

Speeds up electrons sends to target and measured in KVP power behind electrons