Final Review Questions Flashcards by Caiti Malloy

Maximum Permissible Dose

Measures the maximum dose of radiation that a person may be exposed to in a given amount of time.

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Badge worn by the radiographer

Dosimeter Badge

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6 safety precautions when radiographing a Pt.

Collimation, Lead protective wear, Look away, Avoid retakes, Restraint devices, Decrease time

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When using a grid, you must INCREASE the mAs ___ x more

3-4

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Absorbed Dose

Gray

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Dose Equivalent

Sievert

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How do you INCREASE short scale contrast

Change the kVp

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Most desirable technique change if the film is doubly dark

Decrease kVp 15%

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The films goes ___ the embossing card

Over

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To decrease motion on a film

Decrease Time

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3 Factors affecting x-ray absorption

Atomic #, Object density, and X-ray energy

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2 Factors determining whether x-rays interact with the film or not

Tissue thickness and x-ray energy

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Radiopaque

Positive Contrast

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3 Negative contrast medias

Air, Co2, and O2

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The HIGHER the atomic #

the LESS object penetration

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4 Causes of “Fog”

Poor Screen/Film contrast
Focal spot size
Focal Film Distance (FFD)
Motion

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Flouroscopy

Live Radiograph, uses x-ray beams

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Beam Filters eliminate ___ wavelength rays

Long

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Long Scale Contrast

Shades of grey, higher kVp, and body cavity films

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Short Scale Contrast

Black/White, lower kVp, and bone films

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2 types of film Noise

Mottle and Artifacts

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The distance between the x-ray tube and the film

Focal Film Distance

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Doubly Dark/Light

Decrease/Increase kVp 15%

Decrease/Increase mAs 50%

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1/2 Doubly Dark/Light

Decrease/Increase kVp 10%

Decrease/Increase mAs 30%

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1/4 Doubly Dark/Light

Decrease/Increase kVp by 2-3

The final appearance of a radiography based upon it's density, contrast and detail

Radiographic Quality

Device commonly used when radiographing LA hoofs

Wooden Blocks

Common label used in LA radiographs

Density filter and lead impregnated tape

What % of energy from fast moving electrons is concerted to x-ray energy and heat

1% energy | 99% heat

X-rays are generated in the

X-ray tube

The location where electrons collide with the target

Focal Spot

Cathode failure =

filament failure

Driving force behind x-rays

kVp

The number of x-rays produced during exposure

For the best contrast on a film, first change the

kVp

5 tissues that are most susceptible to scatter radiation

Skin and intestinal epithelium, Gonads, Thyroid, Lens of the eye, and blood producing organs

FFD for a Small Portable Machine

26 inches

Developer pH

Alkaline

Fixer pH

Acidic

The action of the developer is to convert ____ silver halide crystal into black metallic silver crystal, while doing nothing to ____ silver halide crystals.

Exposed | Unexposed

Play doh is used in LA to

Pack the sulcus of the hoof and increase detail

One action of the fixer is to stop ___

developing process by removing unexposed crystals.

The minimum amount of time a film needs to be in the fixer in order to adequately remove unexposed crystals

Clearing Time!!!

To make a latent image visible, you have to ___ the film

Develop

Rays that pass through the object and interact with the film

Penetration

Rays enter the object, but don't exit

Absorption

The rays on either side of the central ray that make up the primary beam

Primary Rays

Lead shutter beam limiting device

Collimator

5 body cavities

Abdomen, Thorax, Pelvis, Spine, and Skull

Dyspnic Pts should not be radiographed in

V/D

How many days into gestation may a fetal skeleton first be viewed

45-50 days

Point of measurement for a lat skull radiograph

Zygomatic Arch

Site of measurement for a cervical spine radiograph

C5-C6

A substance used to increase radiographic contrast within an organ system

Contrast Medium

Any object/agent that is radiopaque shows up what color on a radiograph

Black

2 types of Iodine-Based compounds

Water Soluble and Oily Viscous Agent

2 types of Excretory Urography contrast studies

Nephrogram and Pyelogram

An U/S of the Heart

Echocardiogram

what scatters sound in an U/S

Air

2 Types of Positive Contrast

``` Barium Sulfate (GI tract only) and Iodine Based (outlines hollow organs) ```

When is a Barium study counterindicated

Suspected perferation

Water soluble Iodine-based contrast study

Conunterindicatied for Mylography | Can use if perferation is suspected

When would you use an Oily Viscous Agent

Lymphography

Radiolucent

Negative contrast

Rostrocaudal positioning is used for what type of skull radiographs

Cranium

An open mouth view is ideal for what type of skull radiographs

Tympanic Bullae

How many views can a complete set of oral films be taken in/what are they

6 views: | Upper/lower- incisors, K-9's/PM, and Molars.

What is the only things you can adjust on a Dental Unit machine

Time

What are the fixed ranges for kVp and mA on a Dental Unit

kVp- 60-80 | mA- 5-10

3 safety rules for dental radiographs

- 6 foot rule (behind machine) - Dosimeter badge - Never stand in the direction the cone is pointed

Bisecting Angle Technique

Best view Determine the plane of the tooth root, the plane of the film, estimate half the distance between these two planes, then position the beam of the x-ray 90 degrees to that point.

Dental Dz shows up as ___ on a radiograph

Radiolucent

5 Cervical spine views

Lat, V/D, Flexed, Extended, and Hyperextended

A non-sequential study includes which radiographs

Survey Film and Zero-Minute Film

A sequential study includes which radiographs

Survey Film, 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, etc...(common in GI studies)

Which contrast studies require anesthesia

LGI, Myelography, Vaginography, and Sialography

Positive only contrast studies

Myelography

Negative only contrast studies

Pneumoperitoneography

Barium only contrast studies

Esophagography and UGI

Iodine only contrast studies

Excretory Urography

Sequential studies include

UGI and Excretory Urography

Special procedures that use x-rays

CT scan and Fluoroscopy

Standard view of the Navicular bone

Lat 45 degree DP, Horizontal DP, 65 degree DP cone down, and Skyline

2 methods of 65 degree DP cone down

Upright Pedal- decrease distortion, harder to do. | High Coronary- increased distortion, easy to do.

P3 views

Lat 45 degree DP and Horizontal DP

Indirect digital radiology

most common- uses a Photostimuable Phosphor Plate

Direct digital radiology

Directly converts images to an electrical signal

Higher Frequency U/S probe

Better resolution and detail | Decreased depth

Lower Frequency U/S probe

Less detail | Deeper penetration depth

What color does Fluid show up as on an U/S

Black

Final Review Questions Flashcards

(90 cards)