Test 1 Flashcards
(281 cards)
1
Q
Body Organization (a-f)
A
chemical cellular tissue organ organ system organism
2
Q
cell
A
basic structural and functional unit of life
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Q
tissue
A
similar cells that perform a common function
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Q
organ
A
2 or more kinds of tissues integrated to perform specific functions
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organ system
A
organs having related functions
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organism
A
has several organ systems which work together to maintain life
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Q
anatomical position
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upright, feet parallel, eyes, and palms forward
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planes of reference
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imaginary lines or actual dissecting cuts (sections)
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Q
sagittal
A
divides the body or organ into unequal right and left portions
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midsagittal
A
divides the body or organ into equal halves
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Q
coronal (=frontal)
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divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
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transverse (=horizontal, cross sectional)
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divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions
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orbital region
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eye
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nasal region
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nose
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buccal region
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cheek
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oral region
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mouth
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mental region
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chin
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cervical region
A
neck=cervix
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thorax/thoracic region
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chest
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pectoral regions
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left and right chest
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mammary regions (breasts)
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sit atop pectoral regions
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sternal region
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between pectoral regions
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axillary regions
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armpits
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abdominal region
A
located between the diaphragm and the top of the hip bones
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pelvic region
between the hip bones
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deltoid region
shoulder
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brachial region
arm; shoulder to elbow
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cubital (front=antecubital) reion
elbow region
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antebrachial region
forearm (elbow to wrist)
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carpal region
the "wrist"
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palmar
front of the hand
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dorsum
back of the hand
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femoral region
thigh
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patellar region
front surface of knee
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popliteal region
back of the knees
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crural region
leg, from knee to ankle
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tarsal region
ankle
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Plantar
sole
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dorsum
top surface
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cranial cavity
brain resides here
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vertebral cavity
spinal cord resides here
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thoracic cavity
chest cavity
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pleural
a lung resides in each
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mediastinum
cavity between lungs
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pericardial cavity (within mediastinum)
contains the heart
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abdominal cavity
from thoracic diaphragm to top of hip bones
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pelvic cavity
between the hip bones
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Passive transport
movement along concentration gradients
require no energy
some small particles
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active transport
requires energy
| large particles
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two types of active transport
exocytosis and endocytosis
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exocytosis
process by which cellular materials exit the cell
| materials are packaged within vesicles
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3 types of endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis
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microvilli
nonmotile; help increase surface area
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cilia
motile, move substances over the surface of stationary cells
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flagellum
motile, whip-like structure that moves cells
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smooth ER
no ribosomes
synthesizes lipids, mainly steroids
detoxify drugs and alcohol
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golgi apparatus
several C-shaped sacs near the nucleus
packages materials for secretion
forms lysosomes
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lysosomes
contains digestive enzymes
| enzymatically breaks down internalized materials and old organelles; "garbage man" of the cell
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centrioles
needed for cell division
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nucleolus
contains protein and RNA
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interphase
cell is not dividing
| DNA is replicated during this time
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chromatid
one of the duplicated DNA strands
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prophase 1
synapsis occurs - homologous pairs come together
| crossing over occurs
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anterior
in front of
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posterior
in back of
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dorsal
back side of human body
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ventral
belly side of human body
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superior
closer to the head
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inferior
closer to the feet
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caudal
rear or tail end
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cranial
at the head end
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rostral
toward the nose
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medial
toward the midline of the body
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lateral
away from the midline of the body
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ipsilateral
on the same side
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contralateral
on the opposite side
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deep (internal)
on the inside, underneath another structure
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superficial (external)
on the outside
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proximal
closest to the point of attachment to trunk
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distal
farthest to the point of attachment to trunk
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four kinds of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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Epithelium
covers body/organ surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands
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4 characteristics of epithelium
1. very cellular
2. has a free surface (apical surface)
3. bound to underlying tissue by a basement membrane
4. avascular
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two classifications of epithelium
layers
| shape
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simple epithelium
single layer
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stratified epithelium
many layers
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3 shapes of epithelial tissue
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
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simple squamous epithelia
one layer of flattened cells
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location of simple squamous epithelia
lines lumen of blood vessels, tiny air sacs of lungs, covers organs, and lines body cavities
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function of simple squamous epithelium
rapid diffusion and filtration
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simple cuboidal epithelium
one layer of cube shaped cells
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location of simple cuboidal epithelium
(also called glandular epithelium) lines ducts and tubules (ex. salivary glands, and kidneys)
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function of simple cuboidal epithelium
secretion and absorption
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simple columnar epithelium
one layer of columnar cells. may have microvilli, goblet cells, or cilia
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location of simple columnar epithelium
lines most of GI tract
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function of simple columnar epithelium
secretion and absorption
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium
one layer of columnar or irregularly shaped cells. some have cilia and goblet cells
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location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
lines trachea and bronchi
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function of pseudostratified columnar epithlium
protection and secretion (secreting mucus)
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two types of stratified epithelia
stratified squamous epithelia
| transitional epithelium
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stratified squamous epithelium
upper layers of cells are flattened, lower layers appear cuboidal. Deepest layers are highly mitotic
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two types of stratified squamous
keratinized and nonkeratinized
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keratinized stratified squamous
contains keraton, superficial layers consist of dead cells
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location of keratinized stratified sqamous
epidermis
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function of keratinized stratified squamous
protection (barrier)
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nonkeratinized stratified sqamous
superficial cells are alive and kept moist
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location of nonkeratinized stratified squamous
oral cavity, pharynx, vagina, and the lower part of the anal cavity
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function of non keratinzed stratified squamous
protection
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transitional epithelium
some cells are binucleated. surface cells may be dome-shaped or flattened
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location of transitional epithelium
found in most of the urinary tract
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function of transitional epithelium
withstands distention (stretching) and relaxing
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glandular epithelia
specialized epithelial tissues that have excretory functions (lined with cuboidal cells)
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exocrine glands
formed from glandular epithelial tissues - they secrete their materials onto a free surface
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two types of exocrine glands
unicellular and multicellular
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unicellular exocrine gland
goblet cells
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location of unicellular exocrine glands
respiratory and digestive systems
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function of unicellular exocrine glands
secrete mucus
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multicellular exocrine gland
secrete materials through a duct to a free surface
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3 types of multicellular exocrine glands
merocrine glands
apocrine glands
holocrine glands
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merocrine glands
secretes a watery fluid through its membrane
| example: salivary glands
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apocrine glands
top part of cells is pinched off, it becomes the secretion
| example: mammary glands
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holocrine glands
entire cell is released and it ruptures and dies
| example: sebaceous gland
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connective tissues
binds/supports/protects other tissues and organs. derived from mesenchyme (embryonic CT)
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Connective tissues are comprised of
cells
matrix of fibers and ground substance
*vascularity varies
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fibers in connective tissues
collagen, elastin, and reticular
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4 types of ground substance
gel like material
semisolid
rigid/solid
liquid
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four classifications of connective tissue
connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone (osseous connective tissue)
vascular tissue (blood)
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connective tissue proper
matrix is gel like
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two classes of connective tissue proper
loose connective tissue
| dense connective tissue
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two types of loose connective tissue
=areolar connective tissue
| =adipose fat tissue
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location of areolar CT
surrounds nerves, muscles, and some organs
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function of areolar CT
packing and binding material
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areolar CT
contains fibroblasts, many irregularly arranged fibers and it is very vascular
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adipose
fat tissue - contains adipocytes which are filled with liquid fat
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location of adipose
primarily in skin
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functions of adipose
energy source, insulation against temperature changes, and protection (shock absorption)
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two types of dense connective tissue
dense irregular CT
| dense regular CT
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dense irregular CT
contains fibroblasts; protein fibers found are irregularly arranged
very vascular
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location of dense irregular CT
skin (dermis)
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function of dense irregular CT
strength and support (in all directions)
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dense regular connective tissue
contains fibroblasts; protein fibers are arranged in parallel bundles - POOR VASCULARITY
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location of dense regular CT
tendons and ligamenets
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function of dense regular CT
strength and support in one direction
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cartilage
semisolid matrix, avascular, flexible, heals slowly, cells = chondroblasts, and chondrocytes, cells are in lacunae
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chondroblasts
form cartilage
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chondroclasts
maintain tissue/cartilage
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3 kinds of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
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hyaline cartilage
matrix contains very fine collagen fibers
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location of hyaline cartilage
found on articular surfaces, nasal septum, trachea, and fetal skeleton
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function of hyaline cartilage
support and protection - covers ends of bones to create smooth surface and reduce friction
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fibrocartilage
matrix contains thick collagen fibers
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location of fibrocartilage
found in intervertebral disks, symphasis pubis and mesisci
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function of fibrocartilage
support and withstands compression
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elastic cartilage
matrix contains numerous elastic fibers
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location of elastic cartilage
outer ear and larynx (voice box)
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function of elastic carilage
flexibility and strength
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bone (osseous connective tissue)
matrix is rigid
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3 kinds of cells found in bone
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
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osteoblasts
immature bone cells - create bone (eventually become osteocytes)
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osteocytes
mature bone cells - maintain bone (completely surrounded by bone)
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osteoclasts
break down/reabsorb bone
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two kinds of bone tissue
compact (dense)
| spongy (cancellous)
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compact bone tissue
outer shell of bone
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spongy bone tissue
inner lattice work of bone - hemopoietic (red bone marrow) tissue found within spaces.
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vascular tissue
contains blood cells (or formed elements) and a liquid matrix called plasma
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function of vascular tissue
transport
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muscle tissue
moves body and materials within body
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3 types of muscle tissue
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle
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smooth muscle
found on the walls of hollow organs (exception = heart_
spindle shaped cells
one centrally located nucleus
involuntary control
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cardiac muscle tissue
```
short cylindrical cells
some cells are bifucated (branched)
controlled involuntarily
has one or two centrally located nuclei
intercalated disks - mass of protein that helps hold cells together
striations
```
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skeletal muscle tissue
```
long cylindrical cells,
multinucleated
nuclei located at periphery of cells
striations
voluntary control
```
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nervous tissue
makes up nervous system
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neurons
generate and conduct nerve impulses
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supporting cells (neuroglia)
support, protect, and nourish neurons
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integument
=covering = skin (largest organ of the body)
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integumentary system
=skin +exocrine glands +hair+nails+associated nerves +associated blood vessels
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3 layers of the integument
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer
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epidermis (4 descriptors)
1. outer layer
2. composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
3. avascular
4. thick (5 layers), thin skin (4 layers)
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dermis (4 descriptors)
1. middle layer
2. composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue (some areolar)
3. contains nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands
4. dermal paillae
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subcutaenous layer (3)
(=hypodermis; superficial fascia)
1. deepest layer
2. stores fat and anchors upper layers to other tissues
3. composed of areolar CT and adipose CT
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5 layers of the epidermis
1. stratum basale
2. stratum spinosum
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum lucidum
5. stratum corneum
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stratum basale
single layer of columnar/cuboidal cells resting on the basement membrane. cells are very mitotic
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stratum spinosum
several layers of polygonal shaped cells with spines. small degree of mitosis here "spiny layer"
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stratum granulosum
3-5 layers of flattened cells with visible granules;
| cells undergo keratinization here
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keratinization
the process by which the nucleus shrivels up, cell dies, and cells fills up with the protein keratin
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stratum lucidum
2-3 layers of dead anucleated, keratinized, clear cells, only found in thick skin
(ex: palm, elbows)
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stratum corneum
20-30 layesr of dead, keratinized, anucleated cells
| outer cells are constantly shed
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4 cells of the epidermis
keratinocytes
melanocytes
tactile (merkel) cells
epidermal dendritic (langerhans) cells
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keratinocytes
most numerous, found in all layers, produce keratin
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melanocytes
produce melanin, only found in stratum basale, second most common
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tactile cells
3rd most numerous, found only in stratum basale, provide information regarding tactile (light touch) sensation
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epidermal dendritic (langerhans) cells
4th most numerous - found primarily in the stratum spinosum, phagocytes
defense system
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two layers of the dermis
papillary layer
| reticular layer
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papillary layer
uppermost; composed of dermal papillae; contains blood vessels; sensory receptors (neurons); portions of the ducts of glands and hair roots
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reticular layer
deepest; contains blood vessels; neurons; secretory portions of glands; hair follicles; ducts of glands
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3 epidermal derivatives
hair
nails
exocrine glands
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3 parts of hair
bulb, root, shaft
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arrector pili muscle
in hair; smooth muscle, causes hair to become erect
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function of hair
protect from UV light, trauma, and heat loss
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nails
formed from stratum corneum (dead keratinized cells)
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function of nails
protection and grasping
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3 kinds of exocrine glands
sebaceous
sweat glands
ceruminous glands
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sebaceous glands
associated with hair follicles - release oil
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function of sebaceous glands
soften the skin and bactericidal
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two types of sweat glands
eccrine
| apocrine
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eccrine
found everywhere, releases perspiration
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apocrine
axillary and pubic regions
secretes onto hair roots
releases an odiferous secretion (maybe pheromones)
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ceruminous
(cerumen = earwax)
modified sweat glands
in external auditory canal
cerumen is an insect repellant and helps keep the eardrum soft
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osteology
study of bones
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two divisions of skeleton
axial skeleton
| appendicular skeleton
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axial skeleton
bones of head, neck, and trunk
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appendicular skeleton
bones of upper and lower extremeties
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4 bone shape classifications
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
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long bones
longer than they are wide
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short bones
approximately as long as they are wide
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flat bones
relatively thin, have broad surface
| sternum, rib
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6 gross anatomy of long bones
1. diaphysis
2. medullary cavity
3. epiphysis
4. articular cartilage
5. epiphyseal plate
6. periosteum
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diaphysis
cylindrical shaft
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medullary cavity
hollow cavity inside diaphysis
lined with endosteum
contains yellow bone marrow (adipose)
220
epiphysis
ends of the bones
contains outer layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone
in the spaces of spongy bone = red bone marrow (hemopoietic tissue) for blood cell production
221
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage on the epiphyses - helps joints move easily
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epiphyseal plate
hyaline cartilage plate between diaphysis and epiphysis
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function of epiphyseal plate
lengthwise bone growth
224
periosteum
dense irregular connective tissue that covers outside of bone
-exception- periosteum not found on articular surfaces of bone
sharpeys fibers attach it to bone
there are cells associated with the periosteum which are responsible for bone width growth (osteoblasts)
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osteons
make up compact bone
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concentric lamellae
rings of bone matrix around a central canal
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central canal
opening that runs parallel to length of diaphysis; contains blood vessels/nerves
228
lacunae
spaces where osteocytes reside
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canaliculi
tiny channels that radiate from lacunae. contain cytoplasmic projections of osteocytes for diffusion of nutrients
230
perforating canals
connect central canals
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interstitial lamellae
incomplete remnants of osteons
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circumferential lamellae
rings of bone that run the entire circumference of the shaft, made by cells of periosteum
233
ossification = osteogenesis
process of bone tissue formation
234
two types of ossification
intramembranous ossification
| endochondrial ossification
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3 steps of intramembranous ossification
1. mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
2. woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
3. compact bone and spongy bone replace woven bone
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intramembranous ossification
pre-existing tissue is mesencyme - used to form primarily flat bones
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endochondrial ossification
pre-existing tissue is a hyaline cartilage model surrounded by perichondrium used to form long bones
238
simple fracture
bone doesn't break through skin
239
compound (open) fracture
bone breaks through skin
240
comminuted
bone fragments into many pieces
241
depressed
broken bone portion is pushed inward
242
impacted
broken bone ends are forced into each other
243
spiral
ragged break due to twisting forces
244
greenstick
bone breaks incompletely
245
fracture hematoma
forms when a bone breaks
246
articulations
=joints
| a place of union between two or more bones
247
two ways to classify joints
structure and movement
248
3 types of joint structures
fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints
249
fibrous joints
ligaments (dense regular CT) connects bones
| no fluid filled joint cavity
250
cartilaginous joints
ligaments (dense regular CT) connect bones
| no fluid filled joint cavity
251
synovial joints
ligaments (dense regular CT) connects bones
| contains a fluid filled joint cavity
252
3 types of movements
synarthroses
amphiarthoses
diarthroses
253
synarthroses
immovable joints
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amphiarthroses
slightly movable joints
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diarthroses
freely movable joints
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3 types of fibrous joints
suture
syndesmosis
gomphosis
257
suture
synarthrotic joint
| ex: flat bones of skulls
258
syndesmosis
bones held together by interosseous ligament (sheet of dense regular CT)
amphiarthrotic joint
ex: joint bt radius and ulna
259
gomphosis
root of tooth attached to jaw by dense regular CT
260
two types of cartilaginous joints
symphysis
| synchondrosis
261
symphysis
bones attached by pad of fibrocartilage
amphiarthrotic joint
ex:pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
262
synchondrosis
bones or bone segements connected by hyaline cartilage
| example: epiphyseal plate and costalchondrial joints
263
general structure of synovial joints
```
ligaments
articular (joint) capsule
-fibrous capsule
-synovial membrane makes synovial fluid
fluid filled joint cavity
ends of bones are lined with articular cartilage
```
264
flexion
decreases joint angle
265
extension
increases joint angle
266
abduction
body part moved away from midline
267
adduction
body part moved toward the midline
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rotation
movement of a body part around its own axis
269
circumduction
circular conelike movement of a body segment
270
inversion
movement of the sole of the foot inward or medially
271
eversion
movement of the sole of the foot outward or laterally
272
dorsiflexion
dorsum of foot is pointed towards head
273
plantar flexion
dorsum of foot is pointed away from head
274
supination
palm facing anteriorly
275
protonation
palm facing posteriously
276
hinge
permits bending in one angle
allows for flexion
ex: elbows and knees
277
pivot
permits rotational movement about a longitudinal axis
| ex: atlas and axis vertebrae
278
gliding/plane
side to side movements and up and down movements
| ex: intercarpal joints
279
condyloid (ellipsoidal)
permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
ex: knuckles (metacarpophalangeal joints)
280
saddle
permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
ex: first metacarpocarpal joint
281
ball and socket
provides greatest range of movement
permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation
ex: hip and shoulder joints
