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Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

palpebrae

A

eyelids

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2
Q

sclera

A

whites of eyes

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3
Q

cornea

A

curved, transparent anterior to iris and pupil

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4
Q

iris

A

pigmented part of the eye

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5
Q

pupil

A

opening in the iris

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6
Q

four external landmarks of eye

A

sclera
cornea
iris
pupil

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7
Q

conjuctiva

A

lines sclera and eyelid

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8
Q

function of conjuctiva

A

secrete mucus as lubricant for eyes/eyelids

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9
Q

function of lacrimal apparatus

A

produces/collects tears

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10
Q

lacrimal fluid

A

tears

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11
Q

lacrimal gland

A

produces and secretes tears

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12
Q

lacrimal canaliculi

A

from lacrimal punctum to nasolacrimal ducts

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13
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

drains tears into nasal cavity where they are eventually swallowed

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14
Q

path of tears

A

lacrimal gland
swept across surface of eye by eyelids from lateral to medial
lacrimal canaliculi
nasolacrimal duct

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15
Q

extrinsic eye muscles

A 
medial rectus
lateral rectus
superior rectus
inferior rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique
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16
Q

medial rectus

A

moves eye medially (adducts)

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17
Q

lateral rectus

A

moves eye laterally (abducts)

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18
Q

superior rectus

A

elevates eye and moves medially (adducts)

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19
Q

inferior rectus

A

depresses eye and moves eye medially

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20
Q

superior oblique

A

depresses and moves eye laterally

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21
Q

inferior oblique

A

elevates eye and moves eye laterally

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22
Q

lens

A

biconvex, transparent structure inside eyeball

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23
Q

lens function

A

changes shape (flat or round) to focus light rays

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24
Q

suspensory ligament

A

holds lens in place

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25
3 eyeball layers (tunics)
fibrous vascular neural/retinal
26
layrs of fibrous tunic (2)
sclera | cornea
27
fibrous tunic
avascular - contains sclera and cornea
28
sclera location
posterior 5/6 of eye
29
function of sclera
to provide shape to the eyeball and protects the inner parts
30
location of cornea
anterior 1/6 of eye
31
function of cornea
admits and refracts light
32
parts of vascular tunic
choroid ciliary body iris
33
choroid
dark brown membrane
34
function of choroid
contains many tiny blood vessels that help nourish the retina
35
ciliary body
a ring of smooth muscle tissue that surrounds the lens | attaches to lens via suspensory ligaments
36
function of ciliary body
1. as smooth muscle contracts, the suspensory ligaments relax to make lens more round 2. produces aqueous humor
37
iris
pigmented, colored part of eye
38
function of iris
regulates the amount of light entering eye (by enlarging or narrowing)
39
pupil
hole in middle of iris that lets light in
40
retina (2)
pigmented layer neural layer *posterior 3/4 of eye
41
pigmented layer
outer layer adjacent to choroid
42
function of pigmented layer
absorbs excess light to prevent reflection/glare | provides vitamin A to neural layer
43
neural layer
inner layer
44
function of neural layer
its photoreceptors receive light information and convert it into nerve impulses that are sent, via CNII (optic nerve) to the brain
45
two types of photoreceptors
rods and cones
46
rods
low light, black and white
47
cones
require more light, color
48
optic disc
blind spot area where the optic nerve exits the eye contains no photoreceptors
49
macula lutea
lateral to the optic disc | in center is fovea centralis
50
fovea centralis
``` center of macula lutea sharpest vision (only cones) ```
51
anterior cavity
between cornea and lens | filled with aqueous humor
52
aqueous humor
supplies nutrients and removes waste for lens and cornea, continually produced and replaced
53
posterior cavity
between lens and retina | contains vitreous humour
54
vitreous humor
helps maintain shape of the eye and keep retina against choroid, not continually produced (same since birth)
55
hearing (audition)
detecting sound waves and converting them into nerve impulses
56
equilibrium
detect position of head
57
3 regions of ear
external ear middle ear inner ear
58
3 parts of external ear
``` auricle (pinna) external acoustic meatus tympanic membrane (eardrum) ```
59
auricle (pinna)
outer mass of tissue
60
function of auricle
collects sound waves and directs them into the auditory canal
61
external acoustic meatus
between auricle and tympanic membrane
62
function of external acoustic meatus
directs sound waves to tympanic membrane (eardrum)
63
function of tympanic membrane (eardrum)
to move/vibrate the auditory ossicles when sounds vibrate the tympanic membrane
64
middle ear boundaries
tympanic membrane (lateral) oval window and round window (medial)
65
two parts of middle ear
``` auditory ossicles (ear bones) auditory (eustachian) tubes ```
66
3 auditory ossicles
malleus incus stapes
67
malleus
hammer - attached to inside of tympanic membrane
68
incus
anvil
69
stapes
stirrup - connects with oval window of the inner ear | oval window is where sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear
70
function of ossicles
to transmit and amplify vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear
71
auditory (eustachian) tube
connects middle ear with the nasopharynx
72
function of auditory tube
equalizes air pressure in the middle ear
73
otitis media (middle ear infection)
infection from the throat travels to middle ear via auditory tube. middle ear fills up with fluid/pus and eardrum bulges outward
74
two parts of inner ear
bony labyrinth | membranous labyrinth
75
bony labyrinth
cavities inside temporal bone
76
membranous labyrinth
membranous sacs/tubes that rest inside the bony labyrinth
77
perilymph
fluid that rests between the bony and membranous labyrinth - inside the bony part and outside the membranous part - membranous part floats in the perilymph - chemically similar to CSF
78
endolymph
inside the membranous labyrinth | chemically similar to intracellular fluid
79
function of endolymph
helps conduct sound vibrations, and indirectly helps with changes in position/balance
80
3 parts of bony labyrinth
vestibule semicircular canals cochlea
81
vestibule
oval central portion
82
semicircular canals
three circular spaces/canals
83
cochlea
spiral chamber
84
four parts of membranous labyrinth
utricle saccule semicircular ducts cochlear duct (scala media)
85
utricle
sac inside vestibule
86
saccule
another sac inside vestibule
87
semicircular ducts
three membranous tubes in semicircular canals
88
cochlear duct (scala media)
membranous tube inside the cochlea
89
function of utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts
interpreting balance/equilibrium and transmitting that information via the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII)
90
cochlea is split into two chambers by the...
cochlear duct
91
two chambers of cochlea
scala vestibuli | scala tympani
92
scala vestibuli
above cochlear duct connects to oval window filled with perilymph
93
vestibular membrane
thin membrane that separates the scala vestibuli from teh cochlear duct
94
scala tympani
below cochlear duct connects to round window filled with perilymph
95
basilar membrane
separates the scala tympani from the cochlear duct
96
spiral organ (organ of corti)
contained in the cochlear duct rests of basilar membrane spiral organ contains hair cells
97
stereocilia
on hair cells - when they move they create a nerve impulse
98
what part of the basilar membrane responds to high frequencies?
part closest to oval window
99
what part of the basilar membrane responds to lower frequencies?
part farthest away from oval window
100
stereocilia touch the ____membrane
tectorial membrane
101
nerve impulses sent to brain via the _____ of the ______
cochlear branch; vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII)
102
what happens to the remaining sound waves?
transferred to the scala tympani and exit the inner ear via the round window
103
sensory only cranial nerves
I - olfactory II - optic VIII - vestibulocochlear
104
motor only cranial nerves
``` III - oculomotor IV - trochlear VI - abducens nerve XI - accessory nerve XII - hypoglossal nerve ```
105
mixed cranial nerves
V - trigeminal VII - facial IX - glossopharyngeal X - vagus
106
CN I
olfactory nerve (sensory only)
107
CN II
optic nerve (sensory only)
108
CN III
oculomotor nerve (motor only)
109
CN IV
trochlear nerve (motor only)
110
CN V
trigeminal nerve (mixed)
111
CN VI
abducens nerve (motor)
112
CN VII
facial nerve (mixed)
113
CN VIII
vestibulocochlear nerve (sensory only)
114
CN IX
glossopharyngeal nerve (mixed)
115
CN X
vagus nerve (mixed)
116
CN XI
accessory nerve (motor only)
117
CN XII
hypoglossal nerve (motor only)
118
function of CN I
smell (olfaction)
119
olfactory nerves synapse in ____
olfactory bulb
120
olfactory bulbs connect to ___
olfactory tracts
121
test for CN I nerve damage
test smell
122
function of CN II
vision
123
optic chiasm
where the two optic nerves come together
124
optic tracts
where the nerves go through after leaving chiasm
125
test for CN II nerve damage
test vision
126
function of CN III
1. somatic motor; supplies 4 eye muscles (superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique) and a muscle in the upper eyelid (levator palpebrae superioris) 2. parasympathetic (autonomic) motor: supplies iris, constricts pupil
127
test for CN III nerve damage
1. does pupil constrict? 2. does person's eyelid droop? 3. does person have diplopia? is the eye rotated down and out?
128
function of CN IV
supplies superior oblique
129
test for CN IV nerve damage
diplopia - patient will have difficulty looking downwards
130
three branches of CN V
Opthalmic (VI) - sensory to upper face maxillary (V2) - sensory to mid face (including nasal cavity) mandibular (V3) - mixed - sensory to lower face, somatic to muscles of mastication
131
test for CN V nerve damage
1. test chewing ability | 2. is the person able to detect touch/pressure on face?
132
function of CN VI
supplies lateral rectus
133
test for CN VI nerve damage
can person move eye laterally (abduct)
134
functions of CN VII
1. somatic motor: muscles of facial expression 2. sensory: taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue 3. parasympathetic motor: stimulates secretion of lacrimal gland, most salivary glands
135
test for CN VII nerve damage
1. somatic motor: paralysis of facial expression muscles 2. sensory: test taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue 3. parasympathetic motor: decreased salivary secretion - dry mouth. decreased tearing (dry eyes).
136
function of CN VIII
hearing and equilibrium
137
test for CN VIII nerve damage
1. hearing loss or deafness | 2. dizzy, vertigo, lack of balance, nausea/vomiting?
138
functions of CN IX
1. somatic motor: one pharynx muscle 2. sensory: part of pharynx, touch and TASTE sensation on post 1/3 of otngue 3. parasympathetic motor: stimulates secretion to parotid gland
139
test for CN IX nerve damage
1. decreased taste sensation of post 1/3 of tongue | 2. decreased salivary production (dry mouth)
140
functions of CN X
1. somatic motor: supplies most pharynx (swallowing muscles) and larynx (voice box) muscles 2. parasympathetic motor: supply muscle in the heart, lungs, most abdominal organs 3. sensory: MINIMAL to ear and pharynx
141
test for CN X nerve damage
difficulty swallowing? loss of/hoarse voice? generally speaking - damaging this nerve fucks you up
142
function of CN XI
innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
143
test for CN XI nerve damage
1. trapezius - can they shrug shoulders? | 2. sternocleidomastoid - can they turn head from side to side?
144
function of CN XII
supplies intrinsic tongue muscles and most extrinsic tongue muscles
145
test for CN XII nerve damage
stick out tongue? - if they can't do it - both sides affected deviates to one side - tip goes to affected side
146
spinal nerve
comes directly off the spinal cord
147
number of spinal nerve pairs
31
148
pairs of cervical spinal nerves
8
149
pairs of thoracic spinal nerves
12
150
pairs of lumbar spinal nerves
5
151
pairs of sacral spinal nerves
5
152
number of coccygeal spinal nerves
1
153
two parts of spinal nerve
anterior (ventral) root | posterior (dorsal) root
154
anterior root is composed of
axons of motor neurons
155
posterior root is composed of
axons of sensory neurons
156
posterior root ganglion
contains cell bodies of sensory neurons
157
when a posterior and anterior root unite, they form a ___
spinal nerve
158
two branches of spinal nerve
posterior (dorsal) ramus | anterior (ventral) ramus
159
posterior (dorsal) ramus
innervates skin of back, deep back muscles
160
anterior (ventral) ramus
innervates everything else from the neck inferiorly | also forms nerve plexuses
161
roots are organized by___
function
162
rami are organized by ___
location
163
anterior horn contain___
cell bodies of motor neurons
164
nerve plexus
a network of converging and/or diverging axons
165
cervical plexus
anterior rami of C1-C4
166
cervical plexus innervates____
1. sensory: skin of neck, ear and shoulders | 2. motor: anterior neck muscles
167
cervical plexus contains the ____ nerve
phrenic (some axons from cervical plexus) (C3-C5) supplies diaphragm
168
brachial plexus
anterior (ventral) rami of C5-T1
169
brachial plexus innervates ___
upper limb | each nerve has sensory and motor components
170
nerves of brachial plexus (5)
``` axillary nerve musculocutaneous nerve radial nerve median nerve ulnar nerve ```
171
axillary nerve
sensory: lateral shoulder motor: deltoid and teres minior
172
musculocutaneous nerve
sensory: lateral forearm motor: most muscles on anterior surface of arm - coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis
173
radial nerve
sensory: posterior arm, forearm, and hand motor: 1. posterior arm muscles, 2. posterior forearm muscles
174
median nerve
``` sensory: lateral palm and fingers motor: 1. almost all anterior forearm muscles 2. Thenar muscles 3. lumbricals going to fingers 2,3 ```
175
ulnar nerve
sensory: skin on medial hand motor: 3/2 anterior forearm muscles (medial half of flexor digitorum profundus, flexor carpi ulnaris) most intrinsic hand muscles (hypothenar muscles, lumbricals to fingers 4-5, palmar and dorsal interossei)
176
lumbar plexus
anterior rami of L1-L4 | each nerve has motor and sensory components
177
lumbar plexus innervates ___
innervates inferior abdominal wall, part of lower limb
178
nerves of the lumbar plexus (2)
femoral nerve | obturator nerve
179
femoral nerve
sensory: anterior thigh motor: medial thigh muscles
180
obturator nerve
sensory: medial thigh motor: medial thigh muscles
181
sacral plexus
anterior rami of L4-S4 | each nerve has sensory and motor components
182
sacral plexus innervates____
the buttocks, pelvic structures, and majority of lower limb
183
nerve of sacral plexus
sciatic nerve
184
sciatic nerve splits into
tibial nerve and common fibular nerve
185
tibial nerve
sensory: posterior leg/sole of foot motor: a. most posterior thigh muscles b. posterior leg muscles c. muscles on sole of foot
186
common fibular nerve
``` sensory: anterior and lateral legs/dorsum of foot motor: a. anterior leg muscles b. lateral leg muscles c. muscles on dorsum of foot ```
187
somatic nervous system
innervates skeletal muscles and receives sensory information from the senses CNS and PNS components
188
autonomic nervous system
innervates the viscera (organs) influences smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of the skin and viscera CNS and PNS components
189
hypothalamus
oversees ALL ANS activity
190
middle management of ANS
autonomic nervous centers in the brainstem
191
ordinary workers of ANS
preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
192
somatic motor
uses one neuron to go from spinal cord to skeletal muscle
193
autonomic motor
uses 2 neurons to go from spinal cord to target tussie 1st neuron: preganglionic neuron 2nd neuron: postganglionic neuron
194
preganglionic neuron
cell body located in CNS | axon synapses with postganglionic neuron
195
postganglionic neuron
cell body located in an autonomic ganglion | this axon will connect to the target tissue
196
two divisions of autonomic nervous system
sympathetic division | parasympathetic division
197
anatomical name of sympathetic division
thoracolumbar
198
anatomical name of parasympathetic division
craniosacral
199
origin of sympathetic division
lateral horns of T1-L2 region of spinal cord
200
sympathetic division activation
emergency situations flight or fight response mass activation effect
201
parasympathetic division contains
some cranial nerves and parts of the sacral region of the spinal cord
202
parasympathetic division activation
maintains a homeostatic environment rest and digest parasympathetic activity is usually discrete and localized
203
cranial components of parasympathetic division
CN III, CN VII, IX, X
204
components of the sympathetic division (7)
1. cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons in lateral horns of T1-L2 segments of spinal cord 2. white rami 3. sympathetic trunks 4. gray rami 5. splanchnic nerves 6. prevertebral ganglia 7. sympathetic postganglionic axons
205
preganglionic sympathetic axons spinal nerve pathway
synapse in the sympathetic trunk and leave through gray rami to spinal nerves
206
thoracic pathway
synapse in sympathetic trunk and leave anteriorly to go to thoracic organs
207
splanchnic pathway
some preganglionic axons leave sympathetic trunk as splanchnic nerves, go to prevertebral ganglia to synapse before heading to abdominal organs
208
placement of heart
left hand of body in thoracic cavity
209
size of heart
about the size of fist
210
apex
pointed left part of the heart
211
base
top part of the heart with vessels and shit
212
four chambers of the heart
right and left atria and ventricles
213
pericardium
membrane that encloses the heart
214
fibrous pericardium
outermost layer of heart | dense CT
215
function of fibrous pericardium
prevents heart from overfilling, restricts heart movements
216
serous pericardium
parietal cavity
217
two layers of serous pericardium
parietal layer | visceral layer
218
two layers of pericardium
fibrous pericardium | serous pericardium
219
parietal layer
adheres to fibrous pericardium
220
visceral layer
adheres to heart wall | aka epicardium
221
histology layers
endocardium myocardium epicardium
222
endocardium
outermost layer - endothelium covering a CT layer | lines the inside of the heart and covers its valves
223
myocardium
cardiac muscle | thickest layer
224
epicardium
visceral layer of serous pericardium | thin serous membrane and some fat
225
right atrium
receives venous blood from superior and inferior vena cava | blood flows from right atrium to right ventricle
226
right atrioventricular valve
tricuspid valve | between right atrium and right ventricle
227
how many papillary muscles in the right ventricle
3
228
chordae tendinae
from the papillary muscles to the 3 flaps of right AV valve | keep flaps from being everted into atrium by the contracting ventricle
229
valve separating right ventricle and lungs
pulmonary semilunar valve | 3 semilunar cusps
230
blood flows from pulmonary arteries to___
lungs
231
left atrium receives ___ blood from___
oxygenated; lungs
232
valve between left atrium and ventricle
mitral/bicuspid valve - left atrioventricular valve | 2 triangular cusps
233
arterial circulation involves
right and left coronary artery
234
venous circulation involves
most of these veins drain into the coronary sinus
235
pathway of heart electrical signal
1. SA node 2. AV node 3. AV bundle 4. left and right bundle branches 5. purkinje fibers
236
Sinoatrial node
located in upper wall of right atrium - it is responsible for initiating the heartbeat
237
Atrioventricular node
lies in the floor of the right atrium | transmits nerve impulse through an opening in the fibrous skeleton to the AV bundle

Anatomy (4 decks)

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