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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The 9 big questions: How does change occur?

A

Mechanism that drive development.

Ex: effortful attention (voluntary control of one’s emotions/actions)

Mechanisms include genetic components, environmental influences, and physiological development

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2
Q

Discontinuous

A

Like the caterpillar

Jean Piaget (cognitive)
Sigmund Freud (sexual) 
Erik Erikson (psychosocial)
Abraham Maslow (hierarchy)
Laurence Kohlberg (moral)
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3
Q

Continuous

A

Like the tree. Theories include dynamic systems, core knowledge, and ecological systems theories.

Esther Thelen
Noam Chomsky
Urie Bronfenbrenner

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4
Q

Epigenetics

A

Relatively new field which studies stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by environment.

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5
Q

Genome includes DNA and what else?

A

Proteins that regulate gene expression

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6
Q

Methylation

A

biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing gene activity and expression

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7
Q

Sociocultural context

A

Time period, attitudes in community (racism/sexism), socioeconomic status, values/customs, religion, laws, family, etc.

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8
Q

The active child

A

Children shape their own environment. They choose environment, friends, activities which influence them back

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9
Q

Individual Differences

A

Genetics, treatment by parents/others, different choices and actions

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10
Q

Research on Children’s welfare looks at

A

Education Innovations

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11
Q

Correlational Design

A

Studies intended to indicate how 2 variables are related to each other

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12
Q

Direction of Causation Problem

A

Correlation between 2 variables does not indicate which if either variable is the cause of the other

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13
Q

3rd variable problem

A

correlation may be influence by 3rd variable

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14
Q

Experimental characteristics

A

Random selection/assignment

Experimental control

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15
Q

Cross Sectional Design

A

Children of different ages are compared on given behavior or characteristic over a short period of time

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16
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

Same children studied twice or more over a substantial length of time. Useful for revealing stability and change over time

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17
Q

Cohort Effects

A

generation in which individual is born, unique historical and cultural experiences.

3 factors: Age, cohort, time of testing

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18
Q

What is implicitly confounded in LO studies

A

Time of Testing

Age

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19
Q

Which is implicitly confounded in CS studies

A

Cohort

Age

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20
Q

Interviews/Questionnaires:

Structured Interviews

A

Useful when goal is to collect self reports on same topics from everyone being studied

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21
Q

Interviews/Questionnaires:

Clinical interviews

A

useful for obtaining in depth info about individual child

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22
Q

Interviews/Questionnaires:

Questionnaires

A

information gathered simultaneously through uniform set of questions presented to participants

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23
Q

Observations:

Structured Observation

A

presents identical situations to each child and records child’s behavior

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24
Q

Observations:

Naturalistic observation

A

examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by researcher. Particularly useful for understanding everyday social interactions

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25
Reliability
degree to which independent measures of a given behavior are CONSISTENT
26
Inter-rater reliability
amount of agreement in observations of different raters who witness the same behavior
27
Test-retest reliability
degree of similarity of a child's performance on 2+ occasions
28
Validity
degree to which a test measures what it says it measures
29
Internal Validity
can changes in DV be attributed to manipulations of IV
30
External Validity
Can the results to generalize beyond the particulars of the research
31
Genetic Material
Involves transmission of genetic material from parent to offspring.
32
Chromosomes
molecules of DNA that transmit genetic info
33
Gene
sections of chromosomes, basic unit of heredity in al living things
34
DNA
molecules that carry all biochemical instruction involved in forming an organism and its functions
35
Genetic diversity and individuality
mutations, crossing over, sex chromosomes
36
Regulator Genes
switching on and off of genes
37
Alleles
different forms of genes
38
Endophenotypes
intermediate phenotypes including brain and nervous systems that do not involve overt behavior
39
Polygenic inheritance
traits governed by more than one gene, applies to most traits and behaviors of interest to behavioral scientists
40
Norm of reaction
all phenotypes that can result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can survive and develop
41
Name recessive gene
PKU Sickle cell Tay-Sachs Cystic fibrosis
42
Sex linked inheritance
fragile-X | hemophilia
43
Chromosomal
down syndrome | Klinefelter syndrome
44
What can lead to complex disorders?
Different endophenotypes
45
PKU
• Phenylketonuria (PKU): A disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosomes 12 that prevents metabolism of amino acid phenylalanine. • Causes build-up of phenylpyruvic acid, poison to developing nervous system • Incidence in US: 1/10,000 to 1/15,000 births Can vary dramatically by culture/country: 1/2,600 in Turkey
46
Recessive X-linked traits
colorblindness and hemophilia
47
Examples of environment and genes includes
Meaney and Colleague's studies on maternal licking in rat pups
48
Epigenetics influence
complex diseases such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and cancer
49
Behavior genetics
the science concerned with how variation in behavior and development results form a combination of ___ and ___.
50
Heritable vs. multifactorial
heredity vs. heredity and environment
51
Heritability
Statistical estimate of the proportion of the measured variance on a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals Apply only to populations, not to individuals Apply to a particular group living at a particular time. Are specific to the way it is measured.
52
Heritability estimate rarely exceed
50%
53
Placenta
support organ of fetus made of lood vessels, allows material exchange mother and fetus. Defensive barrier, semipermeable
54
Umbilical Cord
tube w/blood vessels connecting fetus and placenta
55
Amniotic Sac
Transparent, fluid filled membrane that surround and protects fetus
56
Premature Birth
Less than 37 weeks
57
Conception
2 weeks, germinal (zygote) | Rapid cell division, zygote implants unterine wall
58
3rd-8th week
Embryonic. After implantation, major development occurs in all organs/systems of body
59
9th-brith
fetal (fetus) continued development, rapid growth of body. Increase behavior experience learning
60
Cephalocaudal
Areas near the head develop before areas that are farther away
61
Proximodistal
areas closer to the trunk and head develop first
62
Fetal Experience
Sight- minimal, but facial preference Smell- amniotic fluid takes on odor form what mom eats Taste- can detect flavors in amniotic fluid Hearing- responds to various sounds from at least 6 months (Decasper & Spence, 1986) Touch- contact with parts of the body; grasping umbilical cord, rubbing face, sucking thumb
63
Hazards to development: Diseases
* Rubella: deafness, blindness, ID * STIs: Damage to CNS * Influenza: may lead to schizophrenia * Zika virus: Microcephaly
64
Childbirth
* Birth of baby after 38 weeks of conception * Uterine muscles contract initiating birth * Baby normal head-down position * Reduces overall size of fetus's large head * Plates of skull overlap during birth * Stimulates hormone production * Forces amniotic fluid out of lungs

Child Psych (5 decks)

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