Test 2

Question 1

Piagetian Theory

Answer 1

Nature and Nurture
Continuity/Discontinuity
Active child

Assumes children mentally active from birth

Question 2

Constructivist

Answer 2

Piagetian
Children mentally active form birth, mental and physical activity contributes to development, children construct knowledge for themselves in response to their experiences.

Question 3

Schemes

Answer 3

Organized patterns of behavior or thought.

Question 4

Assimilation

Answer 4

incorporate new information into existing concepts (ex: when Boo sees Kitty)

Question 5

Accommodation

Answer 5

improve current understanding in response to new events

Question 6

Equilibration

Answer 6

process by which children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

Question 7

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 7

birth–> 2 years
Sense and motor skills
8 mon-object permanence

18-24 months deferred imitation-repeating behaviors of others at later time

Question 8

A not B error

Answer 8

reach where you last found it, rather than where it was last hidden

Question 9

Preoperational Stage

Answer 9

2-7 years

Mastered Symbolic Representation: the use of one object to stand for another

Question 10

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 10

7-12 years
Children reason logically about concrete world

Can solve the conservation tasks.
CANNOT reasoning is largely limited to concrete situations, abstract and systematic thinking remains difficult.

Question 11

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 11

age 12 and beyond
Children begin to think abstractly and to reason hypothetically
Eventually found that not all people reach this stage

Question 12

Weakness of Piaget

Answer 12

Children’s thinking not that consistent

Infants & kids more cognitively competent

understates social world

Vague about mechanisms

Based on observations

Question 13

Information Processing Theory

Answer 13

Nature/Nurture
How change occurs

Focus on cognitive system and mental activities used to deploy attention and memory to solve problems. Look specifically at how different learning processes develop.

Cognitive development occurs CONTINUOUSLY

Children are active problem solvers

Question 14

Centration

Answer 14

Focusing on single, striking feature of object or even to the exclusion of other relevant but less striking features

Question 15

Egocentrism

Answer 15

perceiving the world solely from one’s own point of view

Question 16

Conservation Concept

Answer 16

idea that changing the appearance of objects does not necessarily change the properties (longer does not equal more)

Question 17

Information-processing: Limited capacity processing system

Answer 17

processing speed is increased. Cognitive development from children’s gradually surmounting processing limitations through:

1. Expanding amount of information they can process at a time
2. Increasing processing speeds
3. Acquiring new strategies and knowledge

Question 18

Implicit memory

Answer 18

evident in a rudimentary from very early life

Question 19

Explicit memory

Answer 19

matures into adulthood.

Autobiographical memory: long term memory specific events, evident during preschool years

Question 20

Retrieving

Answer 20

Infants 2 months old can remember certain events

Question 21

Rehearsal

Answer 21

Repeating information multiple times in order to remember

Question 22

Selective attention

Answer 22

process of intentionally focusing on information that is most relevant to the current goal

Question 23

Executive functions

Answer 23

inhibiting, working memory, cognitive flexibility-switch between information, focus on task and inhibit irrelevant info.

Question 24

Problem Solving (overlapping waves theory)

Answer 24

Children use many strategies to solve problems

Question 25

Task Analysis

Answer 25

Research technique to understand and predict human behavior

Question 26

Core-knowledge theory

Answer 26

Nature/Nurture Continuity/discontinuity Children have innate knowledge in domain of special evolutionary importance. Children enter the world equipped with specialized learning mechanisms/mental structures. cohesion, contact, continuity

Question 27

Nativism

Answer 27

Theory that infants have substantial innate knowledge of evolutionary important domains

Question 28

Constructivism

Answer 28

theory that infants build increasingly advanced understanding by combining rudimentary innate knowledge with subsequent experiences

Question 29

Sociocultural

Answer 29

Nature/nurture Influence of sociocultural context How change occurs Continuously learning. Dyadic interactions- between children and others learning --> Development.

Question 30

Sociocultural interactions believe the change occurs through ______ ________.

Answer 30

social interactions

Question 31

Intersubjectivity

Answer 31

The mutual understanding that people share during communication

Question 32

Joint Attention

Answer 32

process in which social partners focus on the same external object which is particularly involved with language development.

Question 33

Social Scaffolding

Answer 33

a process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports children’s thinking at a higher level than children could manage on their own.

Question 34

Guided Participation

Answer 34

process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities in ways that allow less knowledgeable people to learn

Question 35

Dynamic systems theory

Answer 35

Nature/nurture Active child How change occurs Children innately motivated to learn more. Social and motor

Question 36

DST: variation

Answer 36

use of different behaviors to pursue the same goal

Question 37

DST: selection

Answer 37

increasing frequent choice of behaviors that are relatively successful in reaching goals

Question 38

DST: Self-Organization

Answer 38

integrate attention, memory, emotions and actions to adapt to change environment

Question 39

DST: soft assembly

Answer 39

components are ever changing

Question 40

DST: Centrality of action

Answer 40

children's specific actions contribute to development throughout life ex: sticky mittens