Test 2: More Stuff Flashcards
Sensation
Processing basic information from the world through the sense organs
Perception
Organizing and interpreting sensory information about objects, events, and the world around us
Look at perception: How do you do it?
- preferential looking paradigm (show infants 2 patterns/objects), measure preference
- Habituation (decline in response to object)
- Eye tracking
Visual acuity
sharpness of visual discrimination
Contrast Sensitivity
Ability to detect differences in light and dark areas in visual pattern
Cones
Light-sensitive neurons that are highly concentrated in the fovea (The central region of retina)
Involved in seeing detail and color
Differ from adults’ in size, shape, and spacing
Newborns’ cones only have 2% of light striking the fovea, resulting months, infants visual acuity approaches that of adults
Color Perception
Appears at 2 months
Infants prefer unique hues over hue combinations
Face perception
From birth infants like tp-heavy stimuli, attractive faces.
Face Scanning 1 month 2 month 3 month 4 month 8 month
1 month- out contour of face and head, with a few fixations of the eyes. Do not exhaustively scan a visual stimulus.
2 month-fixated primarily on the internal features of the face, especially eye and mouth.
3 months- visual scanning of a stimulus is becoming exhaustive. Scan both internal and external
4 months- focus on eyes
8 months- focus on mouth (when babbling occurs)
Narrowing: Face generalists
Birth to 3-6 months
Narrowing: Face Specialists
Frequent faces
Around 9 months
Narrowing: Other Race Effect
The Easier discrimination of races within the perceiver’s won racial group.
Not present at 3 month
Present at 9 months
Object Segregation
Identification of separate objects in a visual array
Experience with specific objects helps infants understand their physical properties
Use COMMON MOVEMENT property by 2 month
Perceptual Constancy
The Perception of objects as being of constant size, shape, color, and in spite of physical differences in the retinal image of the object.
Children have size constancy (open the door, shape doesn’t change)
Experience is not necessary for it.
Depth Perception: Optical Expansion
When visual image of an object increases in size as the object comes toward us, occluding more and more in the background
Present as young as 1 month, evidence by blinking
Depth Perception: Binocular Disparity
Difference between retinal image of an object in each eye
Result in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain
Depth Perception: Stereopsis
Process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity
Emerges around 4 months
Auditory Localization:
Perception of location in space of a sound source. improves as infant grows, uses differences in sound arriving at each ear.
_________ is the most advance of the newborn senses.
Hearing
Music Perception
Infants prefer infant-directed singing over adult directed singing and speech, like the sing-song high pitched tone.
Taste and Smell
Develops prenatally
Prefer sweets and smell of breast milk
Newborns know mom’s smell
Touch
infants learn about environment through touch
Oral exploration dominates infants
4 months- infants rub, finger, probe, and bang objects
Actions become specific to the properties of the objects
Intermodal Perception
The combining of info by 2+ sensory system.
4 months- connect between sights and sounds
5-7 months- connect between emotional expression in faces and voices
Gross motor skills
physical abilities involving large body movements
