test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
____________ Spans several scientific disciplines
A
Biological Psychology
2
Q
the study of the nervous system
A
Neuroscience
3
Q
What are the 5 major perspectives used to study the biology of behavior
A
- Describing behavior
- Studying evolution of behavior
- Observing the development of behavior over the lifespan
- Studying biological mechanisms of behavior
- Studying applications of biological psychology, as in behavioral dysfunction
4
Q
alteration of a structure or function to see how behavior is altered.
A
Somatic Intervention
5
Q
intervention in a behavior to see how structure or function is altered.
A
Behavioral Intervention
6
Q
measure how much a body measure varies with a behavioral measure
A
Correlation
7
Q
Describes the ability of the brain to be changed by environment and by experience.
A
Neuroplasticity
8
Q
What can social interactions result in?
A
brain changes.
9
Q
What does psychological expectation affect?
A
the magnitude of a response
10
Q
How many people suffer from neurological or psychiatric disorders?
A
1 in 5 people
11
Q
Biological psychology can help understand?
A
brain disorders and devise treatments.
12
Q
who conducted early dissections tracing the nervous system.
A
Herophilus
13
Q
who reported behavioral changes in brain-injured gladiators.
A
galen
14
Q
who pioneered anatomical drawings, including the use of cross-sections.
A
Leonardo da vince
15
Q
Who explained animal behavior in terms of a machine
- Proposed the concept of spinal reflexes and their neural pathways
- Proposed the pineal gland as the junction between mind and body
A
Decartes
16
Q
assigned separate functions to cortical areas
A
Phrenology
17
Q
what is the most important part of the nervous system.
A
neurons
18
Q
what provide support for the neurons.
A
glial cells
19
Q
The brain is composed of independent cells
- Information is transmitted from cell to cell across synapses
A
Neuron Doctrine
20
Q
what produce energy
A
mitochondrion
21
Q
what contains genetic instructions.
A
cell nucleus
22
Q
what translate genetic instructions into proteins
A
ribosomes
23
Q
How many zones does a neuron have?
A
4
24
Q
what receives information from other cells through dendrites
A
input zone
25
cell body (or soma) region where inputs are combined and transformed.
integration zone
26
___________ is when a single axon leads away from the cell body and transmits the electrical impulse.
conduction zone
27
___________ is when axon terminals at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells.
output zone
28
what has one axon, many dendrites - most common type.
multipolar neurons
29
what has one axon, one dendrite.
bipolar neuron
30
what has a a single extension branches in two directions, forming a receptive pole and an output zone
monopolar neuron
31
what has more complex inputs and outputs, cover greater distances and convey information more rapidly
large neurons
32
what stimulate muscles or glands.
moto neurons
33
what responds to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch.
sensory neuron
34
what receive input from and send input to other neurons
inter neurons
35
star-shaped cells with many processes that receive neuronal input and monitor activity.
astrocytes
36
what are small cells that remove debris from injured cells
microglial cells
37
the process in which glial cells wrap axons with a fatty sheath, myelin, to insulate and speed conduction
myelination
38
gaps between sections of myelin where the axon is exposed.
Nodes of Ranvier
39
a demyelinating disease
Multiple Sclerosis
40
what are glial cells that form myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord.
Oligodendrocytes
41
what provides myelin to cells outside the brain and the spinal cord
schwann cells
42
How do glial cells respond to injury?
by edema or swelling
43
Have many components do synapsis have?
3
44
what is on the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron
presynaptic membrane
45
what is on the dendrite or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron
postsynaptic membrane
46
a gap that separates the membranes
synaptic cleft
47
what are small spheres in presynaptic axon terminals that contain a neurotransmitter, a specialized chemical substance.
synaptic vesicles
48
What is released in result of electrical activity in the axon?
neurotransmitters
49
what are specialized proteins that react to a neurotransmitter.
Receptors in the postsynaptic membrane
50
what are studded on the dendrites and increase surface area.
dendrites
51
a cone-shaped area of the cell body that gives rise to the axon
axon hillock
52
a branch of an axon that also ends in terminal and innervates other cells.
Axon Collateral
53
the movement of materials within an axon.
Axon Transport
54
what features of the nervous system visible to the naked eye.
Gross Neuroanatomy
55
what is part of the nervous system found outside the skull and spinal column
peripheral nervous system
56
what consists of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
57
The ____________ consist of nerves or bundles of axons.
peripheral nervous system
58
What nerves are connected to the brain?
cranial nerves
59
what is also called somatic nerves, connected to the spinal cord
spinal nerves
60
primarily controls glands and internal organs
autonomic nervous system
61
Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens are what kind of nerves
optic
62
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
63
what carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord
Dorsal root
64
what carries carries motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles.
Ventral root
65
What are the 3 major divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System, and Enteric Nervous System
66
What nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord?
central
67
How many hemispheres is the brain dominated by?
2
68
What is the outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres.
cerebral cortex
69
a ridged or raised portion of the convoluted brain surface.
gyrus
70
what is a furrow of the convoluted brain surface
sulcus
71
Where is the frontal lobe?
anterior region
72
Where is the parietal lobe?
between the frontal and occipital lobes
73
Where is the temporal lobe?
lateral region, auditory processing
74
Where is the occipital lobe?
posterior region, visual processing
75
what consists mostly of axons with white myelin sheaths
white matter
76
what consists more cell bodies and dendrites, which lack myelin
grey matter
77
what bisects the brain into right and left halves
sagital plane
78
what divides the brain into front (anterior) and back (posterior) regions
Coronal Plane
79
what divides the brain into an upper and lower part
horizontal plane
80
_________ means same side
Ipsilateral
81
_________ means opposite side
Contralateral
82
__________ means head end
Anterior (rostral)
83
__________ means tail end
Posterior (caudal)
84
__________ means near the center
proximal
85
__________ means toward the periphery
distal
86
__________ means towards the back
dorsal
87
___________ means towards the belly, or front
ventral
88
__________ is important for motorcontrol
Basal ganglia
89
___________ includes structures important for learning and memory.
The limbic system
90
_________ is the emotional regulation and perception of odor
amygdala
91
What is responsible for learning?
Hippocampus Fornix
92
What is responsible for attention?
Cingulate gyrus
93
What is responsible for sense of smell?
olfactory bulb
94
a cluster of nuclei that relay sensory information
| - found in the diencephalon
thalamus
95
contains nuclei with many functions - also controls the pituitary
- found in the diencephalon
hypothalamus
96
Process visual information
superior colliculi
97
Process auditory information
inferior colliculi
98
Substantia Nigra is part of the __________
basal ganglia
99
attached to the cerebellum and contains motor and sensory nuclei and gives rise to cranial nerves
pons
100
contains cranial nerve nuclei and marks the transition from brain to spinal cord.
medulla
101
Which site shows a loss of dopaminergic neurons in parkinson's disease.
Substantia nigra
102
As a consequence of repeated drug use, larger and larger dose of the drug are required to get the same effect. Thiis is a consequence of the development of ___________.
Tolerance
103
A major site of origin of projections using the neurotransmitter serotonin is the _________.
Raphe nucleus
104
Drug classified as atypical neuroleptics block __________
Serotonin receptors
105
Which of the following is a pure compound derived from poppies?
Morphine
106
Benzodiazepines such as xanax appear to modulate the activity of receptors for what neurotransmitters?
GABA
107
This medication side effect is called " wine and cheese" effect because it makes eating these foods dangerous
MAOI
108
This model of substance use postulates that the abuser lacks self control and moral character
Moral model
109
In the mammalian brain the major inhibitory neurotransmitters is
GABA
110
Many addictive drugs as well as addictive behaviors cause a release of dopamine in the _______
Nucleus assumbens
111
What is an example of a romantic intervention?
Putting men and women together to examine hormone levels
112
It is found that higher body temperature are associated with increased aggression in many species. This is an example of a __________
Behavioral intervention
113
At this time the proportion of the total US population suffering from a psychiatric disorder is about
19%
114
Aristotle thought the brains major function was to
cool blood
115
Which of the following statements about the use of multiple levels of analysis in research is false.
A single nerve cell is the most basic unit of analysis in biological psychology
116
The vast majority of neurons are ______________
interneurons
117
Which nervous system is responsible for " rest and digest"
Parasympathetic
118
Which nervous system is responsible for is controlled by two others on the list?
Enteric
119
In which part of the neuron are the synaptic vesicles found?
synaptic boutons
120
Which of the following is not developed from the telencephalon?
Thalamus
121
The most common type of neuron in vertebrates is the _________
Multipolar neuron
122
Which of the following is not glial cell?
stellate cell
123
The temporal lobe is separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the ___________ fissure.
Sylvian
124
The basal ganglia is particularly implicated in__________
movement
125
Which of the following is not part of the limbic system?
striatum
126
The superior colliculus is a structure within the___________
midbrain
127
The brain and spinal cord are wrapped in a protective layer collectively known as the _________
meninges
128
Functionally cranial nerves carry which kind of information?
Motor and sensory
129
A group of axons traveling together within the brain are called__________.
tract
130
The ventricular system contains
The circle of Willis
131
The brainstem contains which of the following structures
Medulla
132
Which of the following is not part of the limbic system?
caudate nucleus
133
Purkinje cells are located in the ____________
cerebellum
134
Which of the following is an anion?
Chloride
135
The cell membrane is primarily made of _____________
A lipid bilayer
136
Which is not related to the neuron maintaining a resting negative charge
Chlorides ability to pass through the cell membrane
137
Hyperpolarization refers to
Movement away from 0mV
138
At the peak of the action potential, which element reaches equilibrium?
Na+
139
Which of the following causes an absolute refractory period?
Sodium channels being open
140
Which of the following best describes and action potential?
All or none
141
The substance tetrodotoxin, found in the ovaries of the pufferfish, is useful for studying the ionic mechanisms of neurons because it
Selectively blocks sodium channels
142
The speed of unmyelinated conduction is _________ where as the speed of saltatory conduction is ____________.
20m/s 20m/s
143
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significantly in their
Direction of membrane polarization
144
Most IPSP's are attributable to the
Opening of sodium channels
145
Spatial summation is
The process by which neurotransmitters create a post synaptic potential
146
An after potential is
A brief depolarization that follows an action potential
147
Action potentials generally are not propagated along dendrites because dendrites lack__________
Myelin
148
In general the action potential is first initiated at the __________
Node of Ranvier
149
The sodium potassium pump is responsible for__________
Initiating the action potential
150
Which neurotransmitter can be either excitatory or inhibitory?
Acetylcholine
151
The process of repackaging neurotransmitters into vesicles
Reuptake
152
What occurs during a seizure?
The hemispheres get desynchronized from each other
153
The initial portion of a grand mal seizure where the body becomes ridged is known as
tonic
154
Which molecule is at equilibrium +40mV.
Potassium
155
Postsynaptic potentials are a type of
action potential
156
The greater the influx of calcium into the presynaptic axon terminal, the greater the
Amplitude of action potential
157
The specialized presynaptic membrane receptors that remove molecules of transmitter from the synapse are called
Ligand gated channels
158
Spontaneous electrical rhythms that can be recorded from the surface of the scalp are
Related to alzheimers disease
159
Which of the following is not a monamine neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
160
The type of neurotransmitter that consist of short chains of amino acids.
peptides
161
Overall a partial agonist that competitively binds on receptors serves as a
Antagonist
162
Overall a partial agonist that competivlely binds on receptors serves as a
Antagonist
163
Which neurotransmitter is important for movement and memory
acetylcholine
164
What brain area is especially rich in cholingeric cells
basal forebrain
165
Which of the following is not a catecholamine neurotransmitter?
serotonin
166
Serotonin cell bodies are primarily found in the
Raphe nuclei
167
Which of the following are amino acid neurotransmitters
Glutamate Gaba
168
Based offf the video lecture a major difference between metabolic tolerance and function tolerance is metabolic tolerance relies upon ________ where as functional tolerance relies upon__________.
Learning and cues down regulation
169
Death of cells that create this neurotransmitter in the substantia migra is believed to play a key role in Parkinsons disease
Dopamine
170
Musccarinic receptors
may be excitatory or inhibitory
