Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psycology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

• Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener

A

founders of scientific psychology; Wundt had his lab in Leipzig, 1879 (focused on structure of the mind)

o Relied on introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

• William James

A

a psychologist who believed that behavior was inherently functional, or served a purpose
o No clear method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

• Sigmund Freud

A

first to delve into clinical psychology, all the info about him

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Psycology

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes; from Greek “psyche” meaning mind and “-ology” meaning field of study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the process of psycology based on

A

Objective, verifiable evidence obtained using scientific method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Structuralism

A

Edward Titchener (Student of Wundt) developed structuralism. STRUCTURALISM- how info fits together in a structure to define consiousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Functionalism (influinced by darwin)

A

wundt UNCTIONALISM- Stressed the importance of how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their enviroments (Influence of Darwin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

psychoanalysis

A

SYCHOANALYSIS- personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of UNCONSCIOUS factors in personality and behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

o Biological perspective

A

emphasizes physiological/neurological bases of behavior and thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

o Learning perspective

A

emphasizes experience, environmental influence (models, reinforcers, punishers) on behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

o Cognitive perspective

A

emphasizes information processing (thoughts, beliefs) that underlies behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

o Sociocultural perspective

A

emphasis on the social&cultural forces that drive behavior…mind and behavior as contextually shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

• What makes psychology a science?

A
  • precice descriptions and reliable observations
    -genteel thoughtful skeptecism
  • objectivity
    reliance on empirical data
    willingness to test ideas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

theory

A

supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hypothesis

A

supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

operational definition

A

An operational definition is the statement of procedures the researcher is going to use in order to measure a specific variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Principle of fallibility

A

ideas should be expressed so that it its possible to find evidence against them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

conformation bias

A

the tendency to pay attention to only things that support our world view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

case study

A

a process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what makes people hard to study

A

complexity-brain is most complex thing ever
variablility- 2 identical back grounded people will act different
reactivity- people act different when being observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

• What is an empirical question?

A

one that can be answered by getting data and statistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • Independent variable

* Dependent variable

A

id, manipulated by researcher

dep, the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

mean, median,mode

A

mean-avg
median-half above and half below
-mode, most popular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

std deviation

A

tells you how much on average a set of score deviates from the mean…the bigger the standard deviation, the more widely spread out your scores are (generally); the smaller the standard deviation, the more the set of scores clusters around the mean.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
o Correlations(pos and negative)
pos( both go up) | neg (inveresely related)
26
direcitonality problem
the situation in which it is known that two variables are related although it is not known which is the cause and which is the effect.
27
• 3rd variable problems
an outer factor applies to the correlation and makes them look linked
28
learning
the acquisition of novel information, behaviors, or abilities after practice, observation, or other experiences, as evidenced by change in behavior, knowledge, or brain function.
29
behaviorism
approach to psychology, formulated in 1913 by John B. Watson, based on the study of objective, observable facts rather than subjective, qualitative processes, such as feelings, motives, and consciousness.
30
classical conditioning
involves involuntary responses acquired through association (pavlov)
31
o conditioned stimulus o unconditioned stimulus o unconditioned response o conditioned response
(cs) -stimulus without a response (ucs) -stimulus with a conditioned response -ucr-response to the ucw cr- response that is conditioned
32
what is learned in classical conditioning
a link from the cs to the ucs
33
Extinction
the cs happens so much without the cr that the link is broken
34
stimulus generalization
one stimulus applies for similar stimulus
35
stimulus descrimination
having a CR to some stimuli but not others
36
differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning
oc-indevidual does something cc-has to do with bodily responses oc-has to do with behavior -cc-learning occurs without punishment or reinforcement
37
• operant conditioning
skinnerthe process in which behavioral change (i.e., learning) occurs as a function of the consequences of behavior.
38
reinforcement
a process in which the frequency or probability of a response is increased
39
punishment
a process in which the frequency or probability of a response is decreased
40
positive oc
something added
41
negative oc
something removed
42
implicit latent learning
learning when you are not aware learning is taking place
43
o important elements of obs’l learning
- Attention to the behavior which might be learned - Retention (that is, memory) of the observed scene when the opportunity arises later to use the behavior - Motivation to reproduce observed behavior - Potential/opportunity to reproduce behavior
44
o 2 characteristics that strengthen obs’l learning
- Model is admired | - Positive reinforcement is evident
45
Bandura’s findings about observational learning
were significant for showing that learning of social rules and behavior can take place in a social context WITHOUT direct reinforcement
46
social norms
the informal rules that govern behavior in groups and societies
47
roles
norms that specify how we are supposed to interract
48
social cognition
- an area in social psychology… o focuses on how people process, store, apply info about other people, social situations o focuses on role cognition plays in our interactions with others
49
• conformity
the adjustment of one’s opinions, judgments, or actions so that they become more consistent with the group
50
characteristics which increase conformity
increased cohesion, others are unanimous collectivist culture./ larger group
51
corresponding bias
people act a certain way because thats who they are
52
actor observer effect
when i do good i am good, when i do bad its because of a;dksljf;askdjf
53
hostile attribution bias
the tendency to interpret neutral stimulus as hostile
54
just world hypothesis.
the belief that good people are rewarded and bad people are punished victim culture
55
validity effect
you believe something when you have heard it alot
56
familiarity effect
prefernce for that which is familiar
57
milgrams experiment
people obey when they need to obe. obedience is a fx of the situation you are in.
58
stanford prizon experiment
SIMULATION OF PRISON LIFE CONDUCTED IN 1971 AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY
59
why do people obey when they feel bad about it
1. they identify with the authority | 2. they believe the authority
60
bystander affect
increased number of peole leads to teh decreased chance someone will help
61
de-individuation
loss of individuality, conform to norms of specific situation, giving up moral code in crowd
62
wehn are we likely to help
- bystander is similar to person in need - cultural norms - you have an ally - cost/benefit support involvement - just observed someone being helpful

Psycology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions