Test 2

Question 1

• Be able to draw a brain and label the 4 lobes

Answer 1

look it up pleb

Question 2

soma

Answer 2

the main part of the neuron in which the dendrites branch off of

Question 3

axon

Answer 3

An axon or nerve fiber is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials .

Question 4

myelin

Answer 4

Myelin is an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord

Question 5

dendrites

Answer 5

a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.

Question 6

terminal buttons

Answer 6

the small knobs at the end of an axon that release chemicals called neurotransmitters

Question 7

synaptic vesicles

Answer 7

store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse

Question 8

synapse

Answer 8

a junction between two nerve cells

Question 9

• Neurotransmitters

Answer 9

released into synaptic cleft,

Question 10

what happens to neurotransmitters that don’t make it to a receptor site?

Answer 10

reabsorbed thru a process called reuptake into sending neurons or dissolved by enzymes)

Question 11

2 most common neurotransmitters

Answer 11

 GABA [main inhibitory neurotransmitter]

 Glutamate [main excitatory neurotransmitter)

Question 12

what functions involve acetylcholine?

Answer 12

memory; also parasympathetic nervous system activity, inhibitory effect on cardiac muscles…i.e. it slows heart

Question 13

black widow venom

Answer 13

Floods of ACH, severe cramps and muscle contractions

Question 14

Curare

Answer 14

darts, Blocks ACH receptors organisms cant control muscles

Question 15

o What neurotransmitter is essential to the functioning of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

epinephrine/nor-epinephrine

Question 16

o What neurotransmitter is essential to the functioning of the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 16

 Acetylcholine

Question 17

sympathetic vs parasympathetic

Answer 17

parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) controls homeostasis and the body at rest and is responsible for the body’s “rest and digest” function. The sympathetic nervous system
(SNS) controls the body’s responses to a perceived threat and is responsible for the “fight or flight” response.

Question 18

• Know what each hemisphere is involved in

Answer 18

left: language processing, numerical skills, logical reasoning

Right: musical, spatial processing, nonverbal behavior

Question 19

• What structure connects the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 19

Corpus callosum

Question 20

o Know a function that each lobe is involved in

Answer 20

temporal: Emotion and memory
occipital: auditory

Frontal: voluntary motor movement

parietal: spatial reasoning/logic

Question 21

what cortex is in each lobe

Answer 21

temporal: auditory cortex
occipital: visual cortex

Frontal:motor cortex

parietal: somatosensory

Question 22

 Somatosensory cortex

Answer 22

touch pressure pain

Question 23

motor cortex

Answer 23

movement

Question 24

damage to Wernicke’s area

Answer 24

leads to problems with language reception or comprehension (that is, understanding language)

Question 25

damage to Broca’s area

Answer 25

leads to problems with language production

Question 26

• What structures make up the limbic system

Answer 26

amygdala: process stimuli for anger/rage responses/emotion hippocampus: major role in learning and memory

Question 27

major role in learning and memory

Answer 27

balance, coordination, smooth, skilled movements (including eye movements), muscle tone

Question 28

thalamus

Answer 28

What structure in the brain serves as a “switching station” telling information where to go to be processed

Question 29

reticular activating system (RAS

Answer 29

a midbrain structure and know that it is involved in screening out irrelevant information

Question 30

VTA – ventral tegmental area

Answer 30

What midbrain structure is involved in the reward circuitry of the brain

Question 31

Sensation

Answer 31

This is the process by which stimuli that impinges on our sensory organs is received, transformed and processed into neural impulses:

Question 32

Perception

Answer 32

the act of organizing and interpreting sensory input as signaling a particular object or event

Question 33

Signal detection theory

Answer 33

detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical/psychological state of the individual

Question 34

signal detection chart

Answer 34

look it up dumbass

Question 35

Vision

Answer 35

Rods – sensitive to light intensity Cones – sensitive to wavelengths of light

Question 36

The role of size constancy

Answer 36

perceive objects as remaining same size despite changes in the size of the object in the retina

Question 37

The carpentered world hypothesis

Answer 37

Right angles make people thing converging lines are further away

Question 38

selective attention

Answer 38

he capacity for or process of reacting to certain stimuli selectively when several occur simultaneously

Question 39

perceptual set

Answer 39

A perceptual set refers to a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way. In other words, we often tend to notice only certain aspects of an object or situation while ignoring other details

Question 40

inattentional blindness

Answer 40

is the failure to notice a fully-visible, but unexpected object because attention was engaged on another task, event, or object

Question 41

the 4 Gestalt principles of perception

Answer 41

continuity, similarity, proximity, closure

Question 42

proximity

Answer 42

objects or shapes that are close to one another appear to form groups

Question 43

similarity

Answer 43

The principle of similarity states that perception lends itself to seeing stimuli that physically resemble each other as part of the same object.

Question 44

closure

Answer 44

The principle of closure refers to the mind’s tendency to see complete figures or forms even if a picture is incomplete, partially hidden by other objects, or if part of the information needed to make a complete picture

Question 45

continuity

Answer 45

When there is an intersection between two or more objects, people tend to perceive each object as a single uninterrupted object

Question 46

gate control theory of pain

Answer 46

Gate control theory. The gate control theory of pain asserts that non-painful input closes the nerve "gates" to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system.

Question 47

memory is a

Answer 47

reconstructive process, NOT photo-album or video clip

Question 48

Source amnesia

Answer 48

when you’re not sure of the source of an episodic memory (for example, you don’t know if you actually remember an event or you’ve just heard a story about the event so many times you think you remember it…)

Question 49

• 3-box model of memory

Answer 49

– info related to sensory, short term and long term memory storage;

Question 50

• STM capacity: magic number

Answer 50

7 (+ or – 2) | o We get around this limit by ‘chunking’ information

Question 51

• Working memory

Answer 51

``` active maintenance of info in short-term storage; o made up of:  info from long or short-term storage  Central Executive system • Processes that work on info • Visuo-spatial scratchpad • Phonological loop ```

Question 52

information about HM

Answer 52

could no longer actively retrieve memories, helped us learn about the hippocampus Not only could he make no new conscious memories after his operation, he also suffered a retrograde memory loss (a loss of memories prior to brain damage) for an 11-year period before his surgery

Question 53

long-term memory store

Answer 53

organized into declarative/explicit and nondeclarative/procedural/implicit memories

Question 54

• factors thought to be responsible for childhood amnesia

Answer 54

o immature brain o immature social development o immature cognitive development

Question 55

Retrograde vs anterrograde amnesia

Answer 55

Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall past memories while anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories

Question 56

Contents of long term memory

Answer 56

o Declarative/Explicit [episodic, semantic]; | o Nondeclarative/Procedural/Implicit [habits, motor skills, classically conditioned responses…how to do stuff]

Question 57

• long-term potentiation

Answer 57

, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

Question 58

• neurotransmitters important for memory

Answer 58

acetylcholine & glutamate

Question 59

• factors affecting retrieval

Answer 59

o the serial position effect  recency effect – b/c no newer info to disrupt retrieval of older info; that is, no retroactive interference  primacy effect – b/c no past info to disrupt retrieval of newer info); that is, no proactive interference o context(“environment”)-dependent memory o state-dependent memory

Question 60

• proactive interference

Answer 60

previously learned/past info interferes with retrieving new info)

Question 61

• retroactive interference

Answer 61

recently learned/new info interferes with retrieving older info)

Question 62

• hippocampus

Answer 62

structure crucial for encoding/storing/retrieving information; in other words, a structure that is central to the formation of new memories

Question 63

o Availability bias

Answer 63

– our judgments and reasoning are swayed by information that is more available/more easily accessed in memory

Question 64

o Avoidance of loss

Answer 64

people are more likely to take risks/make choices/work harder to avoid potential loss than to take similar risks/make similar choices/work as hard for similar magnitude potential gains…(we’re willing to take on risk if we think it will allow us to avoid loss; we don’t take risks if we think doing so might result in some loss of something we already have)

Question 65

o Mental Set

Answer 65

is a tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past.

Question 66

overconfidence

Answer 66

Thinking you are better than you really are

Question 67

o Conjunction fallacy

Answer 67

we judge a subset of events as more likely than a more inclusive set of events…Bella is an outgoing, basketball-loving student who lives in C-M – more likely that Bella is a GU student or that Bella is a GU student and belongs to the kennel club?  we do this because the subset seems more representative to us; that is, we make our judgment based on how like our representation of a kennel club member Bella is, rather than making a judgment of probability

Question 68

o What was the original measure of IQ designed to do? That is, why did Simon and Binet come up with an “IQ test”

Answer 68

 To identify kids who needed help

Question 69

o Know that the original formula for calculating an “intelligence quotient”

Answer 69

was mental age (MA) divided by chronological age (CA) * 100  (that is,: ratio IQ = [MA/CA] * 100)

Question 70

o Spearman’s g

Answer 70

o Spearman’s g

Question 71

o Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 71

 Creative  Practical  Analytic

Question 72

Flynn effect

Answer 72

• Worldwide, the average IQ has gone up 3 points per decade over the last century

Question 73

• Concepts

Answer 73

categories of information

Question 74

basic concepts

Answer 74

- categories most readily acquired

Question 75

• Prototypes

Answer 75

– most typical example of a concept

Question 76

o family resemblance theory

Answer 76

o family resemblance theory

Question 77

o prototype

Answer 77

we compare potential members with a single prototype; we create a category around a prototypical member of the category

Question 78

o exemplar

Answer 78

we compare potential new members with all other members we know are part of that category

Question 79

we compare potential new members with all other members we know are part of that category

Answer 79

– reasoning from a general principle to a specific conclusion

Question 80

– reasoning from a general principle to a specific conclusion (e.g. I have a sibling named Chris. A friend wants to know if Chris is male or female. I say Chris is my sister. You can reason from the general principle – all sisters are female – to answer the specific question about my sibling’s gender.

Answer 80

reasoning from specific observations to infer a general principle.