Test 1

Question 1

What is inductivism?

Answer 1

Data
Observation
Theory
=Making observations, propose principle, test principle with more observation, form generalization from data.

Question 2

What is deductivism?

Answer 2

Theory
Data
Observation
=form hypothesis based on existing theory, test it, conclude if hypothesis is supported.

Question 3

What does the philosophy of science refer to?

Answer 3

A epistemological view about how we come to know about the world sufficiently enough to make truthful and reliable statements about the world.

Question 4

Three areas of statistics which are not deductive?

Answer 4

(A) Descriptive statistics
(B) Inferential statistics
(C) Bayesian statistics

Question 5

Psychologies 3 ethics principles:

Answer 5

(A) Treat human research participants with respect and in a manner, which maintains their rights and dignity
(B) Care for the welfare of animals when they’re the subject of research
(C) Be meticulously honest in the collection and treatment of data

Question 6

(4) Principles and values of Psychologies Ethical code:

Answer 6

1. Integrity
2. Beneficence
3. Justice
4. Respect

Question 7

Ethical Considerations for Cross-Cultural Participants.

Answer 7

(1) Early critical reflection and decision making
(2) Establishing relationships
(3) Discursiveness and reflexivity (understanding how one’s own beliefs and practices can influence research).
(4) Looking after participants knowledge

Question 8

Level of risk and corresponding ethics review:

Answer 8

oNo Risk = Expedited
oLow Risk = Expedited
oSome Risk = Full Review
oExtreme Risk= Full Review

Question 9

Level of ethic’s review when working with a special population.

Answer 9

Full review regardless of level of risk

Question 10

Definition of Science

Answer 10

Is a question of aim not method. Thus, science can be defined as the “The effort to make accurate observations, valid causal inferences and assemble these in a compact and coherent way”.

Question 11

Two theories of the shift from qualitative to quantitative focus in psychological research

Answer 11

(A) Tale of Technological Progress:
o Theory that as new technologies developed over the years our ability to conduct more scientific studies expanded and opened up a whole new avenue of study into cognitive processes and the mind.
(B) Tale of Psychologies Shifting Role in Society:
o Society demanded psychological research become more utilitarian, more useful for society.
o Society begun to conceptualize psychological research as a means to solve larger social issues within society.
o The focus shifted from individual case studies into more generalized methods such as using aggregate data (grouped).

Question 12

what challenged mainstream psychology?

Answer 12

(A) Feminist Critiques to Psychology
o Psychological findings are inherently sexist, their collection and reporting of findings are done in a manner to “prove” women’s inferiority to men.
o Psychological Practices are also sexist in nature:
 It difficult for female psychologists to gain any respect or acknowledgement in their field.
 Participants were predominately male and expected to be the norm.
 Methods used did not objectively describe the data but were used to enforce researchers’ beliefs or interpretations-prone to sexist biases.
 Women’s ways of understanding we overlooked an marginalized.

Question 13

Feminist psychology triggered what shifts in psychology mainstream?

Answer 13

oUnderstanding that psychology knowledge is shaped by time, place and culture
o Turn to Language:
 Rather than measuring constructs as they are in the world, to turn to language. Instead focusing on how these constructs are built through language and gain meaning.
o Turn to Interpretation:
 Understanding that research does not merely reflect reality but interprets.
 Researchers must acknowledge that the role of researcher’s interpretation in the process and conduct of psychological research.

Question 14

principles of positivism

Answer 14

> Meaning in the world exists independently of the researcher.
We can objectively investigate things in this world.
Knowledge provides truthful information about the world.

Question 15

Principles of social constructionism

Answer 15

> Meaning arises from our engagement and interaction with the world- our interpretations do not exist independently; we can no objectively measure or study the things in our world.
We can only ever produce partial findings that are shaped by our history, society and culture.
Knowledge is constructed for particular purposes. There is no absolute truth or one version of reality.

Question 16

Four Families of Qualitative Research:

Answer 16

(1) Thematic Analysis
o Aim: is to identify and describe patterns in the data to identify similarities in people descriptions of their own experiences.
o Object of analysis: is the themes or categories that data.
o Allows us to identify if particular groups of people tend to describe their experiences in the same way.
o Typically interview based
(2) Narrative Approaches
o Aim: is to examine how events and experiences unfold overtime and focus on chronology.
o Object of analysis: is the stories people tell
o Typically, oral histories or interviews.
(3) Language Based Approaches
o Aim: Identify how language is used to make practical accomplishments and the underlying social norms are constructive and constructed.
o Object of analysis: Language as It naturally occurs.
o Mainly discursive approach, natural observation and transcription.
(4) Ethnography Approaches
o Aim: Identify how people go about their everyday lives.
o Researcher goes into the field to examine a group or culture through long-term engagement
o Object of analysis: social organization of a group or culture.
o Stance: that the only way to understand the object of study is to be a part of it.

Question 17

Objectivity

Answer 17

o Definition: aim to produce a replicable study without the influence of the researchers demand characteristics.
o In terms of power dynamics, the goal of objectivity is to distance the researcher from the object of study. In other words, distance science from scientist.
o Something as simple as sentence structure can display the researchers epistemological view that underspin’s their understanding of their appropriate role as a researcher.
 E.g. third-person verbiage displays a passive voice & positivist view of
science.
 First-person verbiage displays an active voice & more social constructivist stance.

Question 18

Subjectivity

Answer 18

o Aspect of qualitative research where the focus is on the subject. Due to this, qualitative researcher sees no need to distance themselves from the subject because in theory it does not invalidate the scientific claims we wish to make.

Question 19

Reflexivity

Answer 19

o Fundamental principle of qualitative research where the researcher is encouraged to persistently question taken for granted assumptions. Such as:
 Why that topic?
 Why those research questions?
 Why that theoretical or epistemological position?
 How do our choices and assumptions about methods shape knowledge production?
 How do we position ourselves relative to our objects of study?
 How are our analytic interpretations shaped by who we are?

Question 20

Pluralism

Answer 20

Belief that their are multiple methods to research with their own respective strengths and weaknesses and understanding that one method is NOT better than the other.

Question 21

Pragmatisim

Answer 21

The choice between methods for ones research can be made pragmatically- based on what questions each method can help us answer.

Question 22

The four families of qualitative research approaches that we consider are as follows:

Answer 22

1.Thematic analysis approaches,
which share the aim of identifying and describing the central ideas (usually referred to as themes or categories) occurring in the data.
2.Narrative approaches,
which pay particular attention to the unfolding of events or experiences over time.
3.Language-based approaches,
which pay close attention to the underlying social rules governing language and how language functions to achieve certain ends for the speaker or writer.
4.Ethnographic approaches,
which are characterized by extensive data collection in the field, usually including participant observation in order to observe the social structure of groups, organisations and cultures.

Question 23

When did the shift from quantification to qaulitative work occur?

Answer 23

1980’s

Question 24

What Is Intergreity?

Answer 24

Principle of ethical conduct which requires researchers to meticulously and rigoursly honest at all stages of the research process.
i.e. from the underlying methodology, data collection and reporting, conclusions drawn and outlining the benifits of the study to individual wellbeing and to society as a whole.

Question 25

What is Benefience?

Answer 25

A principle of psychologies ethical conduct which requires researchers to be constantly weighing up the benefiets and costs of the study to human participants in order to ensure that we are doing the most “good” that we can.

Question 26

What is Justice?

Answer 26

A principle of psychologies ethical conduct which requires researchers to treat everyone invloved in the research process with fairness and as a researcher maintain a certain level of expertise and professionalism to ensure that potenial biases are being accounted for and ameloriated. This prinicple aslo extends to specail populations being apart of scientific research and the upmost importance that their rights and dignity are maintained and they are not exploited during the conduct of research.

Question 27

What is respect?

Answer 27

A principle of pscyhologies ethical conduct which requires researchers to be rigourously protecting the wellfare, wellbeing, cultural beliefs of research participants and respecting their agency to be able to withdrawal from the study at anytime without consequences.