Test 2

Question 1

What is the simplest experimental design?

Answer 1

Single factor design with two levels.
i.e. one Independent variable with two levels.

Is the simplest design but not often used by researchers because it more complex designs provided more informative conclusions and capture non linear relationships with between subjects design!!!

Question 2

If IV of interest is MANIPULATED and participants are RANDOMLY ASSIGNED: what design is used?

Answer 2

Single factor Independent groups design

Question 3

If IV is MANIPULATED and participants are MATCHED to avoid cofounding variables and then RANDOMLY ASSIGNED:
what design is used?

Answer 3

Single Factor Matched groups design

Question 4

If IV is a SUBJECT factor, a BETWEEN SUBJECTS design, and equivalent groups are formed using MATCHING. What design is used?

Answer 4

Single Factor Ex Post Facto Design. If its between and subject variable it can only be an ex post facto design !

Question 5

IF IV is MANIPULATED BY DEFINITION and uses a WITHIN SUBJECTS design: what single factor design is this?

And name an example study.

Answer 5

Single Factor Repeated Measures Design (e.g. Stroop effect studies)

Stroop effect study asked participants to read the names of colors when the ink colour was either the same or different to the colout being read. They found no significant difference in response time between groups. Their second study asked participants to name the colour instead of reading it. They now found a significant delay in response time when the name of the colour and colour of the ink did not match.

Used reverse Counterbalancing. A-B-B-A and B-A-A-B to control for order effects.

Question 6

Data from Single Factor designs (1x IV with 2x Levels) are analysed with what inferential statistic?And What are its 3 assumptions?

Answer 6

T-Tests. If the following assumptions are meet:

(A) If data is interval or ratio
(B) Data is normally distributed
(C) There is homogeneity of variance

Question 7

If IV has only 2 levels the results will always appear:

Answer 7

Linear, because the graph of results will only have two points.

Question 8

Why use multilevel experimental designs? (2)

Answer 8

(A) To be able to identify non-linear relationships

(B) As a function of ruling out (or falsify) alternative explanations of the main result.

Question 9

If Independent Variable is Discrete a ___ Graph should be used.

Answer 9

> Bar Graph, because there is not intermediate values exist.
Interpolation can not occur
Using a Line graph would be unethical as it distorts the findings presented and suggests there is a relationship between value points on the graph.

Question 10

If independent variable is continuous a ___ graph can be used but a ___ graph is prefered.

Answer 10

A Bar Graph can be used but a Line Graph is preferred.

This is up to the researcher’s preference to decide which presentation of data will most effectively display the main findings of the study.

Question 11

(3) Choices on presenting findings?

Answer 11

(A) Numerical results presented in sentences like a report. Is not ideal when there are more conditions or IV used because it becomes bothersome to read.
(B) Tables ideal for when you have specific values you wish to highlight to the reader (Means or SD’s) or if you have too many data points to make an effective graph.
(C) Graph is ideal if there is a non-liner relationship, relationship between variables or large difference between conditions.

Question 12

Should you use both a table and a graph?

Answer 12

No. It is redundant to present the same findings in both table and graph form. The researcher needs to choose one format based on what will be most suited to their data and research question.

Question 13

Multilevel Single factor designs typically are evaluated with ___ inferential statistics.

Answer 13

One Way ANOVA, analysis of variance. Assuming that:

(A) Interval or ratio data
(B) Normal distribution
(C) Homogeneity of Variance

Question 14

3 assumptions made when using a t-test AND one way ANOVA analysis on single factor 2 level or multilevel designs?

Answer 14

(A) Interval or ratio data
(B) Normal Distribution
(C) Homogeneity of Variance

Question 15

Using one way ANOVA. How do we identify if the results we found were significant?

Answer 15

F Ratio/Value. Generally, if its above 4 it is significant.

note: this only tells us that somewhere in the data there is a significant variance between groups (i.e.variances are different).

Question 16

Using one way ANOVA. How do we identify where the significance difference lies?

Answer 16

Using a Post Hoc test to identify which means systematically vary as a result of IV and to a significant degree (0.05 %).

Question 17

What are the two types of ANOVA analysis and what of the 4 designs do they each suit?

Answer 17

(A) One Way ANOVA
      Best used for 
      Independent groups 
      designs and Ex Post 
      Facto designs.

(B) Repeated Measures 
     ANOVA
     Best used for Matched 
     groups design and 
     Repeated Measures 
     designs.

Question 18

What are the two types of t-tests and when should you use them?

Answer 18

(A) Independent Samples 
     T-Test
     Best for Independent 
     groups design and Ex 
     Post  Facto designs.
(B) Dependant Samples T- 
     Test
     Best used for Matched 
     groups design and 
     Repeated Measures 
     design.

Question 19

(3) Types of Special Control conditions:

Answer 19

(A) Placebo

In latin “ I shall please”

Typically, when participants are led to believe they have been given or in the treatment condition when in fact they have been given a placebo (e.g. inactive pharmacological substance or subliminal dental tape).

Most common in drug research.

(B) Waitlist
When participants are in the control condition but told that they need to wait a couple of weeks before they can be given the intervention. Raises ethical concerns about making someone in need wait for treatment that could be beneficial.

Most common in assessing the effectiveness of programs or therapy.

(C) Yoked
When participants, for any reason, experience different events in the study.

Where procedural experiences of the control group participants are matched or correspond exactly to those of the treatment participants.

In order to keep the events constant, increase the researchers ability to compare the findings and rule out potential confounding variables.

Question 20

Homogeneity of Variance:

Answer 20

One of the conditions that should be in effect in order to perform the PARAMATIC inferential tests (t-tests or ANOVA).

Refers to the facts that variability among all conditions should be similar (SD relatively equal)

Question 21

Independent Groups design is a ___ Subjects design and its defining feature is ___ and is used to ___.

Answer 21

Between Subjects design and uses Random Assignment to create equivalent groups.

Question 22

Matched groups design is a ____ subjects design, ___ and ___.

Answer 22

Between subjects design, matched and randomly assigned.

Question 23

Difference between Matched groups and Ex Post Facto design?

Answer 23

Ex Post Facto designs can not use random assignment and their IV variable of focus is a subject variable.

Question 24

Non-linear effects:

Answer 24

when the outcome does not form a straight line when graphed and can only be found in multilevel single factor designs where the IV has more than 2 levels.

Question 25

If you Square the T value you get the:

Answer 25

F Ratio

Question 26

What is the F Ratio

Answer 26

it examines the extent to which the obtained differences in mean could be due to chance or due to an other factor (like the IV-hopefully). Is a ratio of variances: variation between sample means/varitation within samples We use an f distribution to calculate probabilities. Using the numerator and denominator of kir f ratio we compare it to our critical f table to plot onto the f distribution. If it falls within the rejection region we can conclude that the sample means are not equal and reject the null hypothesis Are larger F ratio means there is more variance I.e. a measure of dispersion how far the data is scattered from the mean. Mean squares are an estimate of population variance that accounts for df used to calculate that estimate.

Question 27

Why can't you conduct multiple t-tests to analyse multilevel single factor designs?

Answer 27

Because as you increase the number of times you repeat a statistical analysis you also increase the chances of you making a type one error- false positive, saying there is a difference between means when there isn't. The solution is using ANOVA test as your inferential analysis.

Question 28

Types of Post Hoc Tests

Answer 28

(A) Non correlational Very liberal post hoc test which is equivalent to conducting multiple t-tests without correction. Meaning the chances of making a type 1 error are very high. (B) Tukey ☆ Does a minor correction to the t-distribution based on the number of comparisons being made in an attempt to keep the alpha in check. (C) Scheffe Very conservative test where there is never a good reason for using a scheffe post hoc test because the chances of making a type 2 error are very high- failing to report a significant difference in sample means. (D) Bonferonni ☆ Similar to the tukey post hoc test but the Bonferonni corrects for type 1 error by dividing the significance level .05 by the number of comparisons being made. This is so when all the tests have been conducted the overall sognificance level will be .05 and keeping the chance of the results being due to chance at less than 5%

Question 29

Defence for the use of control groups:

Answer 29

(A) We can not identify what treatments are effective till after a sufficiently designed experiment is conducted. (B) People are not denied treatment, they are placed on a waiting-list and given it post study and during the study people are not denied the current treatment they have. (C) they cost money and identifying the most effective treatments are beneficial for peoples well being and economically. * These special control groups are more informative when using multilevel single factor designs.

Question 30

Counterbalancing for Within subjects multi level designs:

Answer 30

``` Counterbalancing becomes much more complex: (A) Latin square prone to carry over effects and random error confound. Implicated by the resources required and sample size used. ``` ``` e.g. A B C D E B C D E A C D E A B D E A B C E A B C D ``` (B) solve this with the "Balanced Latin Square".

Question 31

Counter balancing for Single factor design with 2 levels:

Answer 31

Limited to AB and BA. 3 types of counterbalancing for within subjects single factor designs I.e. 1 IV with 2 levels 1. Complete Counterbalancing When participants only experience each condition ONCE. I.e. 1/2 participants experience A-B and then other 1/2 experience B-A. 2. Reverse Counterbalacing When participants experience each condition MORE THAN ONCE. I.e. A-B-B-A and B-A-A-B 3. Alternate Counterbalancig When participants experience each condition MORE THAN ONCE. I.e. A-B-A-B and B-A-B-A

Question 32

Random assignment is used for....

Answer 32

create equivalent groups.

Question 33

Dependant samples T Test is also called? And what single factor designs can they analysis?

Answer 33

Paired Samples T-Test. Used when the design is Within subjects (I.e repeated measures) or when there is a relationship between the two independent groups (i.e. Matched Group).

Question 34

What non parametric test can be used to analysis the difference between two group means IF the assumption of homogeneity of variance has been violated?

Answer 34

Marnn-Whitney's U test which compares two independent group means, much like an independent samples t- test, but without assuming they're both normally distributed.

Question 35

Magnitude of difference can be assessed by:

Answer 35

Effect Size.

Question 36

Concern for Ex Post Facto designs?

Answer 36

External Validity. Matching is used to allow researchers to be more confident that the difference in means is due to the IV subject factor and not other confounds/existing differences.

Question 37

Ex Post Facto Designs used to investigate what topics or research themes?

Answer 37

》Ex Post Facto designs are typically used to study natural disasters impact on human behavior. 》It's unethical to manipulate this as an IV so researchers take advantage of naturally occurring disasters and an ex post facto design. 》Example: Sibbley & Bulbia (2012) Who looked at the effects of the Christchurch earthquake on people's tendency to rely in religon to cope with loss and pain. ▪︎IV (subject variable matched) whether they lived in Christchurch or anywhere else in NZ. ▪︎outcomes were coded into 4 groups: believers, disbelievers (who maintained their original beliefs), converts (were not before but were after) and apostate (were before and were not after). ▪︎ found no difference in believers or disbelievers ▪︎ an increase in the number of converts and apostates in both conditions but higher with those in Christchurch ▪︎concluded that subjects in Christchurch were more likely to turn to region to cope with emotional distress post earthquake and conversely more likely to leave religon as well compared to anywhere else in NZ.

Question 38

(3) ways to minimise human error and bias in a matched groups design.

Answer 38

(A) Observers are intensively trained (B) Double Blind Procedure (C) Interobserver reliability - 80% agreement between observers.

Question 39

Research Example of a Single Factor Independent groups design?

Answer 39

Strange, Garry and Sutherland (2003) > Random assignment! IV: Draw or No draw DV: How many critical events did they say happened to them (10 ordinary events and 6 critical events) Q: If a child draws a critical event (unlikely or impossible event) would this make them more likely to say that it had happened to them i.e. create a fictitious memory. > Children were asked about all 16 events in first interview. > After a one week delay subjects in the draw conditon were asked to draw 3 of the critical events (if in no draw we had no follow up contact with them). > Final stage all participants were asked about the 16 events Results found children were much more likely to report that the fictitious event happened to them if they had first been asked to draw it. Has serious forensic implications for psychologists using drawing methods to help gain eyewitness testimonies from children that it can not only improve accurate recall but increase the likelihood of children forming fictitious memories.

Question 40

Matched group design is good for:

Answer 40

(A) Small sample Size (B) Concerned that participant attributes may effect the outcome (C) You have a good way of measuring that attribute.

Question 41

Factorial Matrix

Answer 41

A row and column arrangement that characterises a factorial design and shows the independent variables, the level of each independent variable and the total number of conditions (cells) in the study.

Question 42

Interaction

Answer 42

In a factorial design, an interaction occurs when the effect of one independent variable is dependent on the level of another independent variable.

Question 43

What is a Main effect?

Answer 43

The presence of a statistically significant difference between the levels of IV in a factorial design.

Question 44

Mixed Factorial Design

Answer 44

A factorial design with at least one within subjects factor and one between subjects factor.

Question 45

Mixed P x E Factorial

Answer 45

A P x E Factorial design with at least one within subjects variable and one between subjects variable.

Question 46

P x E Factorial design

Answer 46

A factorial design with one subject factor (p=person variable) and one manipulated factor (E=Environment variable). The distinction not being whether its within or between subjects but that it has both a subject variable and environmental manipulated IV.

Question 47

Simple Effects Analysis

Answer 47

Following an ANOVA, this is the follow-up test to a significant interaction, to compare individual cells. e.g. Estimated Marginal Means

Question 48

ATI design

Answer 48

Aptitude-Treatment Interaction design is a form of P x E Factorial Design found specifically in educational research where the goal is to examine the possible interactions between an aptitude variable (person factor) and treatment variable (environmental factor).

Question 49

Factorial Design

Answer 49

Any experimental design with more than one independent variable.

Question 50

Identify whether each of the 4 single factor research designs are between or within subjects

Answer 50

Bewteen: 》Independent Groups 》Matched Groups 》Ex Post Facto Design Within: 》Repeated Measures

Question 51

Why is only the Independent Measures and Ex Post Facto design suitable for an Independent Samples re-test? Even though a Matched Group design is also between subjects?

Answer 51

Independent sample t-tests are suited to compare two groups that are completing independent from one another. This occurs when random assignment is used or when the subject variable (IV) is split into two independent groups such as male and female. A matched groups design is not appropriate because the subjects have been matched prior to random assignment. Thus there is a relationship between them that makes them more suited for a dependent samples t-test

Question 52

What does a bonferonni test do?

Answer 52

It conducts multiple t-tests to identify where the significant difference lies. It does so by dicing the significance level .05 by the number of comparisons made. This is so when they are added together the total significance level will add to .05

Question 53

What does it mean by conservative or liberal post hoc tests?

Answer 53

Conservative is correcting for type-1 error and liberal is protecting against type 2 error. Sample size can influence which test is most appropriate for your study because post hoc tests can overcorrect for type1 or 2 errors.

Question 54

Why can we use ANOVA analysis of Variance to analysis a difference in means?

Answer 54

> If we want to conclude that there is a significant difference in sample means (group/condition). >ANOVA test calculates the between group variance/within group variance to determine if there is a significant difference in means. > In other words, if the variance between conditions is larger than within group variance. We will get a higher F-Ratio, a higher F-Ratio also means that the means are not equal. >>Think of it as the overlapping normal distributions in class. If they overlap and means are equal than we do not really have 2 different samples or means. Thus, higher variance means the distributions are more spread apart and the means can not be equal.

Question 55

Name an example study of a single factor matched group design.

Answer 55

Example: Kroeger, Schultz and Newsom (2007) Used a single factor matched groups design to examine if using a directed learning video which models the appropriate prosocial behaviour we are trying to teach. Will this method be beneficial for autistic children and lead to the acquisition of the target behaviour? IV: Control (play condition) or directed learning modelling video (plus the opportunity to practice modelled behaviour) DV: would they play pro-socially with other children? Participants were matched by their level of autism (i.e. into pairs) then randomly assigned into one of two conditions (1 of each pair in each condition). Results: Directed condition showed significant increase in child displaying prosocial behaviour compared to the control group.

Question 56

In a repeated measures design why can be further break down the error variability (denominator)?

Answer 56

> Breaking it into to parts means we can reduce it in size, and be more likely to : > get a larger F-Statistic. > more sensitive to smaller differences between groups (benefit of within subjects design) > demoniantor= SSsubject variability & SSerror > we can subtract out the subject variability in a repeated measures design because the same participants are in each conditon

Question 57

What is the key difference in calculating the F-Ratio in a Independent (between-Subjects) ANOVA and a Repeated Measures ANOVA?

Answer 57

independent = MS between/MS error Repeated measures: MScondition/MS error (with SSsubjects subtracted out)

Question 58

What are the Z-distributions and t-distributions for?

Answer 58

They are the standardised distribution of a sample given that the null hypothesis is true i.e. that the means are equal. We compare our obtained test statistic to the normal distribution to see if we can reject the null hypothesis. This is done by checking the corresponding p-vale to our test statistic. If it is less than .05 we can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a difference between group means.

Question 59

``` Key aspects of an experiment: e.g. M* M C C & E *Stats ```

Answer 59

``` Manipulation * Measure Control Cause & Effect *Statistics ``` **the manipulation we use determines the inferential statistics used

Question 60

Example DV's

Answer 60

``` > Questionnaire/Surveys > Response time/Accuracy > Choice Behaviour (preference between two alternatives) > Movements/Actions > Physiological/Brain Responses ```

Question 61

Example IV's

Answer 61

Two or more levels of IV: ``` > Experimental vs. Control > Contrasting experimental conditions > Categorical or continuous > Manipulate the situation, stimuli, the instructions, the time... ```

Question 62

What is the strongest statistic's we have?

Answer 62

Replication !!!

Question 63

Experiments are a powerful tool to help us obtain ___ & get at the ____.

Answer 63

knowledge, truth. *two aims of experimental research

Question 64

``` Types of Measures: P S S E ```

Answer 64

Population Sampling Distribution Sample Estimation

Question 65

``` How many error terms do: > Entirely Between Subjects > Entirely Within Subjects > Mixed Design Have? ```

Answer 65

> 1 > 3 > 2

Question 66

What is the importance of control?

Answer 66

(A) It minimises error variance > unexplained variance that is not due to the IV > because we can subtract out subject variance > allows us to identify a significant difference between conditions (if one is present) > Subsequently, we will get a larger F-Ratio (B) Let’s us get at cause and effect > By minimising error variance we can be more confident that the main effect is due to our manipulation > Allows us to rule out other alternatives.

Question 67

What are the trade offs?

Answer 67

The advatanges and disadvantages of using a between or within-subjects design. > costs to consider is time, money, resources and effort.

Question 68

Research Example: 2 x 2 Factorial Design WITHOUT counterbalancing

Answer 68

Crum, & Langer (2007) Q: Were interested in how peoples beliefs/perspective on their work in physical labour as being a respectable form of physical exercise influences the health benefits drawn from their work. > Random Assignment IV: Informed or Control group (between-subjects factor) i.e. whether or not participants were explicitly told by an experimenter that their psychical labour exerted in their daily work as housekeeper exceeds the medical recommendation of 30 per day. They were also were. told specifics on the number of calories burned for climbing stairs, vacuuming etc. IV: Passage of time i.e. time of first DV measure at the beginning of the study and 4 weeks later when they were retaken. DV: Psychophysical survey scores i.e. the Systolic Blood Pressure, BMI, Body Fat. Percentage, Dystolic Blood Pressure, Waist to Hip Ratio & Weight. Findings: > 5/6 groups showed an INTERACTION between group (informed or control) and passage of time. > No Main Effect of Group found. Implications: > Participant Cross Talk- was controlled for by their use of random assignment. Participants based on their hotel they worked at were randomly assigned to a condition (4 hotels in informed group and 3 in our control group). Ethical Concern: > In regards to using control groups when our experimental manipulation has a potentially beneficial result on participants. To control for this, participants were given the exact same information to change their beliefs but only after the 4 weeks and they final DV measures had been taken

Question 69

Example: Mixed Factorial 2 x 2 x 2 design WITH counterbalancing

Answer 69

Addis, Sacchetti, Ally, Budson, and Schacter (2009) Alzihmers study IV: between = Alzheimers disease or healthy IV: temporal direction= past or future IV: internal episodic vs external non episodic details Participants were given a set of cur words and were asked to build a narrative around them to aid there later recall. Used ABAB altrnate counterbalancing. 》 Main effect of alzheimers impairing recall 》No significant interaction between temporal direction and disease condition. ☆ the nonsignificant interaction supports our hypothesis that alzihmers impacts both past and future thinking

Question 70

Does a mixed factorial design need to have counterbalancing?

Answer 70

No. e.g. Crum and Langer study (maid and beliefs) passage of time was a manipulated variable thus, counterbalancing is not apporopriate.

Question 71

When is the Tukey Post Hoc test equally conservative as the Bonferroni post hoc test and when does this change?

Answer 71

When 3 or less groups: Bonferroni is equally conservative as the Tukey. When around 6 or 7conditions: The Bonferroni will be more conservative than the Tukey. The choice between them depends on whether you want to protect against type 1 or type 2 errors. Tukey & Bonferroni are more conservative than simply setting the significance level at .05.

Question 72

what is the Sampling Distribution

Answer 72

- If we repeatedly take samples of the population, as the number of samples increase the sample distribution should get closer to being a normal distribution around the population mean. - Bigger sample size, more sampling done (replications) and variability increases the sample distributions resemblance to a normal distribution. - Is theoretical because one experiment is equivalent to being one sample within the sample distribution. - Statistical analysis allows us to estimate the sampling distribution from our sample, experiment.

Question 73

what is a Sample? will the sample be normally disributed if the population is not?

Answer 73

Sample - A random sample drawn from the population - May or may not be normally distributed but with repeated sampling the sampling distribution will resemble a normal distribution even if the population does not. *Even at the population level if it is NOT normally distributed the sampling distribution we make with repeated sampling will be normally distributed around the population mean.

Question 74

What happens to T-distribution as you increase the degree's of freedom?

Answer 74

T-distribution: Gets closer to a standardised normal Z distribution. A normal distribution of data under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.

Question 75

If sample size is greater than 30 you can use what to calculate the 95% Confidence Interval?

Answer 75

Z-distribution, approximately 2 standard deviations from the mean = 95% of data. However, if the N is smaller than 30 you would use the critical value of T to calculate the 95% confidence interval. We are less confident because the critical t value referes to our sample and not the population.

Question 76

Three ways to make a 2 x 2 design more complicated:

Answer 76

Three ways to make a 2 x 2 design more complicated: 1. Increase the number of levels of one or several of your IV’s 2. Increase the number of IV’s 3. Combine within-subjects and between subjects IV’s

Question 77

Does a repeated measures design use random assignment or matching? If not what does it use?

Answer 77

No. It uses counterbalancing.

Question 78

When in Ex Post Facto Designs do you not need to use post hoc "after the fact" MATCHING?

Answer 78

When you have a large sample size. e.g. Sibbley and Bulbis (2012) study.

Question 79

Single factor studies use ___ levels of IV? | But it's important to know ___.

Answer 79

A single factor study has 1x IV with 2 levels but this simplistic design is not commonly used. Many researcher use a more complicated design for example, multilevel single factor designs or factorial designs!

Question 80

Level of Iv's can differ in both __ and ___.

Answer 80

Quantity and Quality.

Question 81

A ONE WAY ANOVA EXAMINES.... Used for..... Two Types..... Has how many sources of variance?

Answer 81

One Way ANOVA simply means ANOVA anslysis of 1 independent Variable…. Duh! So this includes. Single factor multi level designs (more than 2 levels)!!!!! Oneway ANOVA for independent groups: > multilevel independent groups > multilevel ex post facto Oneway ANOVA for repeated measures > multilevel matched groups > multilevel repeated measures One-way ANOVA's have 2 main sources of variance.

Question 82

3 types of Counterbalancing

Answer 82

(A) complete Participants experienced each condition once. E.g. A-B or B-A (B) reversal Participants experience each condition more than once. E.g. A-B-A-B (C) alternate Participants experience each condition more than once. E.g. A-B-A-B

Question 83

How can the sample distribution still form a normal distribution around the population mean if the population is not normally distributed?

Answer 83

Links to the central limits theory. That as the sample size increases the samlpling measure s get closer and closer to a normal distribution. The central limit theory suggests 30 plus participants are required.

Question 84

Minimum number of participants required for a 2 x 2 factorial design? Between subjects

Answer 84

20 total. With 5 participants in each cell.

Question 85

Minimum number of participants required for a 2 x2 repeated measures design?

Answer 85

5 subjects total. Same 5 in each cell.

Question 86

Minimum number of participants required for a 2 x 2 factorial mixed?

Answer 86

10 total. 5 participants per cell.

Question 87

What is SStotal?

Answer 87

The total variance in our observations. Is calculated by adding each score together, squaring it and dividing the total by N-1 (total degrees of freedom).

Question 88

How many sources of Variance do ANOVAs have?

Answer 88

Two main sources. Inferential statistic= between group/condition variance/within variance. F-ratio= MSBetween/MSerrorterm Ideally, we want the between group variance to be bigger than the within group variance. Note: the difference between an anova for independent groups vs. an anova for repeated measures is that the denominator is smaller because we can subtract out SSsubjects.

Question 89

What are the 2x df?

Answer 89

》Df for between groups or conditions: Depicts the independent variation in our number of groups or conditions. I.e. # of groups -1 》Df for our participants: The variation in our number of participants. I.e. N-1

Question 90

T-tests and ANOVAs are what kind of tests?

Answer 90

Parametric

Question 91

To examine a main effect we look at ____ and to examine an interaction for its direction we look at _____ or ____.

Answer 91

Main effects use post hoc test. Interactions: 》filter out A1(old) and conduct a t-test or one way anova and then repeat filtering out A2 (young). 》 estimated margin of means tables then graph.

Question 92

What are design choices?

Answer 92

》Number of IVs and levels 》Within subjects or between subjects design 》 DV I.e. how will you measure the IV 》 Number of trials 》 Number of participants 》How will you create equivalent groups? Matching, or Random Assignment. 》Counterbalancing. Stimuli across conditions, order of conditions, order of orders. Complete, practcial or intermixed. 》trade offs Concerns: 》Control 》Stability of data

Question 93

Trade offs

Answer 93

``` 》statistical issues 》participant issues 》procedural issues 》material issues 》effort ``` & cost

Question 94

A mixed factorial and entirely within facotrial is measured using.... A entirely between factorial is tested using a ___ anova?

Answer 94

Mixed uses repeated measures anova with a between subjects variable. Within subjects uses a repeated measures anova Between subjects uses an independent groups ANOVA